An abnormal sea surface warming event as Typhoon Bolaven passes the Yellow Sea
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摘要: 海洋对台风的响应通常表现为海表温度的降低，然而，出现在2012年8月的台风“布拉万”在经过黄海时却引起朝鲜半岛木浦沿岸海域海表的增温(而非降温)，且增温幅度达4.2°C。本研究详细分析了此次异常事件的时空特征，并探讨了其可能的成因。结果发现，此次事件的产生和黄海表层冷水斑块(Surface Cold Patch，SCP)存在密切关系，并恰好出现在木浦SCP所在位置。上升流和潮混合是木浦SCP的两大形成机制，此次增温事件主要是台风“布拉万”通过抑制其生成机制之一的上升流而导致降温不足之故。具体而言，台风“布拉万”过境时位于木浦SCP的左侧，其上的北向风应力带来向岸的Ekman输运，造成外围暖水在木浦SCP地区堆积，从而抑制了该地区原本的上升流(甚至变为下降流)。Abstract: The ocean response to typhoon is usually characterized by a cooling on the sea surface. In August 2012, however, a warming (instead of cooling) event occurs in the Yellow Sea outside Mokpo, South Korea, as the typhoon Bolaven (2012) passes. This study gives a report of this abnormal sea surface warming, and provides an exploration of the underlying dynamical processes. It is found that the event coincides in location with the Yellow Sea Surface Cold Patch (SCP) outside Mokpo; Typhoon Bolaven (2012) suppresses the surface cooling due to SCP and hence leads to the abnormal warming. Of the two basic mechanisms that account for the formation of SCPs, i.e., tidal mixing and upwelling, the latter shows a drastic response to the typhoon passage−the upwelling is turned into a downwelling. The downwelling arises from the onshore Ekman transport generated by the northward wind stress on the left hand side of the Mokpo SCP.
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Key words:
- typhoon /
- surface cold patch /
- Yellow Sea /
- ocean response /
- upwelling /
- air-sea interaction
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图 1 台风“布拉万”最佳路径（黑线）
星号标记出了Mokpo、Wando、Dangsado和Jeju水文站点的位置
Fig. 1 Best track of Typhoon Bolaven (black line)
The black stars indicate the locations of the observation stations: Mokpo, Wando, Dangsado, and Jeju
图 2 Jeju站点（a）、Mokpo站点（b）、Wando站点（c）和Dangsado站点（d）逐日SST观测数据和ECOM-si的逐小时输出结果
黑色虚线标出了台风过境时段，即在该时段内木浦表层冷水斑块位于台风7级（风速为13.9～17.1 m/s）风圈内
Fig. 2 Sea surface temperature at the Jeju Station (a), Guansan Station (b), Wando Station (c) and Dangsado Station (d) from the daily SST observing data and hourly output by ECOM-si model
Black dashed lines mark the period when the Typhoon Bolaven passes, i.e., in the period when the Mokpo SCP is located within the area enclosed by a speed contour line of 13.9–17.1 m/s
图 3 2012年8月25日和8月29日研究区SST的差值（后者减前者）分布
W1标示区域即为本文所研究的增温区域
Fig. 3 SST increase in the study area from 25 August to 29 August, 2012
W1 marks the warming area in this paper
图 4 2012年8月平均的ECOM-si SST分布
黑色椭圆圈S1、S2和S3分别标示出了山东半岛、苏北沿岸以及木浦沿岸SCP，红色虚线为下文沿34.55°N所取截面的位置
Fig. 4 Distribution of the simulated average SST by ECOM-si model over August 2012
The three SCPs in the Shandong Peninsula area, Subei Coast and Mokpo area are marked with dashed ellipses S1, S2 and S3, respectively. Red line indicates the section at 34.55°N
图 5 W1区平均温度的时间−深度演变
a中等值线是原始温度场相对8月24日00时的距平分布，实线表示正值，虚线表示负值
Fig. 5 Time-depth distribution of the simulated temperature averaged over the warming area W1
The contours in a show the temperature changes relative to the state at 00 on August 24. Positive and negative contours are indicated with solid lines and dashed lines respectively
图 6 木浦SCP区域沿34.55°N的纬向垂直截面上的日平均环流场（箭头）和温度场（阴影）
垂直速度被扩大了1 000倍
Fig. 6 A sequence of the daily-averaged temperature (shade) and flow (arrow) on the transect across the Mokpo SCP along 34.55°N
The vertical velocity has been amplified by 1 000 times to better reveal the vector
图 7 W1区域边界净热通量（a）、水平热通量（b）和垂直热通量（c）的时间变化
水平热通量为5个侧边界（图3）上的通量之和，垂直积分范围从表层到水深15 m；垂直热通量为W1区域内通过水深15 m层水平面进入上层的热量
Fig. 7 Time series of net (a), horizontal (b) and vertical (c) heat fluxes into the warming area W1
Horizontal heat fluxes is the sum of the fluxes across the five segments as marked in Fig.3, and the vertical integration range is from the surface to 15 m depth; the vertical heat fluxes is the heat entering the upper layer through the water depth of 15 m in the area W1
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