Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the larvae settlement and post-settlement survival of two reef-building corals
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摘要: 大气CO2浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应，本文研究了温度（约28°C, 约30°C）和pCO2（约570 µatm, 约1 300 μatm）以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚（Acropora austera）和中间鹿角珊瑚（A. intermedia）早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明，升温（+约2.5°C）和酸化（约1 300 μatm）对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率（25.87%），但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率；升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温（+约2.5°C）、酸化（约1 300 μatm）对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小，但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明，珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性，气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。Abstract: Ocean acidification and warming are occurring globally through increasing CO2 absorption into the oceans, and impose two serious and imminent threats to the persistence of scleractinian corals and the reef ecosystem they construct. To evaluate the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the early life stages of the reef-building corals Acropora austera and A. intermedia, their larvae were incubated at a full cross design of two temperatures (about 28℃, about 30℃) and pCO2 (about 570 μatm, about 1 300 μatm) for 8 d. There were no significant differences in rates of settlement. Larval mortality rates of two reef-building corals were unaffected in any treatments. High pCO2 significantly reduced post-settlement survival of A. austera but not A. intermedia, with a 25.87% reduction in post-settlement survival in high pCO2 compared to control. Our results show that larvae settlement and mortality rates of the reef-building corals A. austera and A. intermedia were unaffected by ocean acidification and warming, and high pCO2 are more detrimental to mortality rates of juvenile A. austera than high temperature. Different species of juvenile corals exhibit species-specific response to ocean acidification and warming, with important implications for coral recruitment and even species structure composition of reef-building corals in the future ocean.
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Key words:
- ocean acidification and warming /
- coral /
- larvae settlement rates /
- mortality /
- post-settlement survival
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图 1 两种珊瑚幼虫在不同条件下的附着率和死亡率
Fig. 1 Percentages of settlement and larval mortality of two species of scleractinian coral larvae at different conditions
图 2 两种珊瑚幼体在不同处理下的存活率
Fig. 2 Percentages of survival of two species of scleractinian coral juvenile at different conditions
表 1 实验期间各个处理海水理化因子的平均水平
Tab. 1 Experimental seawater conditions for each treatment
处理 T/℃ S pH pCO2 /µatm TA/µmol·kg−1 ΩArag ATAC 27.95±0.92 32.98±0.70 8.05±0.07 571.90±14.53 2 224.85±19.43 2.37±0.03 ATHC 27.80±0.21 32.90±0.26 7.72±0.13 1 338.43±43.87 2 212.67±13.14 1.15±0.04 HTAC 30.35±0.80 33.23±0.61 8.05±0.10 576.77±16.76 2 221.67±13.43 2.52±0.05 HTHC 30.05±0.76 33.18±0.31 7.75±0.15 1 290.85±52.03 2 245.83±8.35 1.33±0.04 注：数据表示为均值±标准差。海水理化参数为温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH、二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、总碱度(Total Alkalinity, TA)和文石饱和度(ΩArag)。 
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表 2 双因素方差分析结果：温度、pCO2对两种珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率及附着后存活的影响
Tab. 2 Results of two-way ANOVAs testing the effects of elevated temperature, pCO2 on the percentages of settlement, mortality, post-settlement survival of two coral species
变化因素 离均差平方和 自由度 均方 F统计量 p 简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率 温度 0.034 1 0.034 0.715 0.405 pH 0.131 1 0.131 2.727 0.110 温度和pH 0.004 1 0.004 0.079 0.780 误差 1.348 28 0.048 中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率 温度 0.046 1 0.046 1.277 0.272 pH 0.023 1 0.023 0.651 0.429 温度和pH 0.076 1 0.076 2.111 0.162 误差 0.720 20 0.036 简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率 温度 0.125 1 0.125 2.757 0.108 pH 0.113 1 0.113 2.488 0.126 温度和pH 0.005 1 0.005 0.110 0.742 误差 1.269 28 0.045 中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率 温度 0.004 1 0.004 0.066 0.800 pH 0.027 1 0.027 0.468 0.502 温度和pH 0.002 1 0.002 0.029 0.866 误差 1.139 20 0.057 简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率 温度 6.1×10−5 1 6.1×10−5 0.001 0.979 pH 0.470 1 0.470 5.424 0.028 温度和pH 0.001 1 0.001 0.013 0.912 误差 2.342 27 0.087 中间鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率 温度 0.046 1 0.046 0.411 0.530 pH 0.067 1 0.067 0.592 0.452 温度和pH 0.219 1 0.219 1.934 0.182 误差 1.922 17 0.113
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