近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况及变化趋势研究

陈耀辉; 刘守海; 何彦龙; 秦玉涛; 季晓; 张昊飞; 徐韧

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.007

近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况及变化趋势研究

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.007

陈耀辉^{1, 2,},
刘守海^{2, 3},
何彦龙^{2, 3},
秦玉涛^{2, 3},
季晓^{2, 3},
张昊飞^{2, 3},
徐韧^4, ,

1.
上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院，上海 201306
2.
自然资源部海洋生态监测与修复技术重点实验室，上海 201206
3.
国家海洋局东海环境监测中心，上海 201206
4.
自然资源部中国极地研究中心，上海 200136

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划“海洋环境安全保障”重点专项（2016YFC1402305）；海洋公益性行业科研专项（201305027，201505004-6）；东海分局青年海洋科技基金项目（201801）。

详细信息

作者简介:
陈耀辉（1994-），男，广东省肇庆市人，研究方向为海洋鱼类浮游生物和海洋生态。E-mail：1032373560@qq.com

通讯作者:
徐韧，研究员，主要从事海洋生态环境研究。E-mail：xrhyp@ecs.mnr.gov.cn

中图分类号: P714⁺.5; P76; Q178.53
计量
- 文章访问数: 255
- HTML全文浏览量: 49
- PDF下载量: 43
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-05-27
- 修回日期: 2019-08-28
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-18
- 刊出日期: 2020-04-25

Study on ecosystem health and variation trend at the Changjiang River Estuary in the past 30 years

Chen Yaohui^{1, 2
,},
Liu Shouhai^{2, 3},
He Yanlong^{2, 3},
Qin Yutao^{2, 3},
Ji Xiao^{2, 3},
Zhang Haofei^{2, 3},
Xu Ren^{4
, ,}

1.
College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
3.
East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, China
4.
Polar Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China

摘要

摘要: 为评估长江口海域生态系统健康状况，本文以鱼类浮游生物为指示生物，选择1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个年份的数据，选取鱼类浮游生物总种类数、底栖鱼种类数、水层鱼种类数、低耐污鱼种类数、高耐污鱼种类数百分比、杂食性鱼种类数百分比、虫食性鱼种类数百分比、肉食性鱼种类数百分比、鱼类取样个体数、天然杂交种种类数百分比等10个评价指标，采用1、3、5赋值法计算4个不同年份的河口生物完整性指数(Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index，EBI)，并以此评价近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况变化趋势。结果显示，1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个不同年份的EBI值分别是52、40、36、34，对应的EBI等级分别为“好”、“一般”、“一般−差”、“差”。通过分析EBI年际变化的结果，发现近30年来长江口海域生态系统健康状况呈现先下降，而后稳定在较低水平的趋势，说明长江口海域生态系统亟需及时进行保护和修复工作。
- 生态系统健康 /
- 鱼类浮游生物 /
- 河口生物完整性指数 /
- 年际变化
Abstract: In order to assess the health status of ecosystem on the Changjiang River Estuary waters, the ichthyoplankton is used to be indicators. Selecting 10 evaluation indices, which are the total number of ichthyoplankton species, number of benthic species, number of column species, number of intolerant species, proportion of tolerant species, proportion of omnivores, proportion of insectivorous, proportion of carnivores, number of individuals in each sample, proportion of hybrid. This study calculates the estuarine biotic integrity index (EBI) value of the 1986, 1999, 2007 and 2016 by using 1, 3, and 5 approximation of value assignment, and assesses the change trend of the ecosystem health in the Changjiang River Estuary water in recent 30 years. The results show that in 1986, 1999, 2007 and 2016, the EBI values were 52, 40, 36 and 34, respectively, and the corresponding EBI levels were “good”, “fair”, “fair-poor” and “poor”, respectively. By analyzing the results of EBI annual changes, it was found that the health status of ecosystem in the Changjiang River Estuary in recent 30 years showed a trend of declining first and then maintaining at a low level, indicating that the ecosystem of the Changjiang River Estuary waters is urgent to carry out timely protection and restoration.
- ecosystem health /
- ichthyoplankton /
- the estuarine biotic integrity index /
- interannual variability

HTML全文

图 1 不同调查时期长江口海域鱼类浮游生物采样区域和站位分布

Fig. 1 Survey area and sampling stations of ichthyoplankton in the Changjiang River Estuary in different survey periods

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 春季（5月）长江口海域物种数量变化

Fig. 2 Changes in the number of species in the Changjiang River Estuary waters in spring (May)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 长江口海域EBI评价指标体系

Tab. 1 EBI metric system in the Changjiang River Estuary

属性	指标
种类结构	M1总种类数
	M2底栖鱼种类数
	M3水层鱼种类数
	M4低耐污鱼种类数
	M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比
营养结构	M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比
	M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比
	M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M9鱼类取样个体数
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M10天然杂交种种类数百分比

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 EBI等级划分和对应的特征描述

Tab. 2 Classification of EBI and the characteristic corresponding to its level

EBI值	EBI等级	特征描述
58～60	极好	鱼类浮游生物群落没有受到人类干扰，所有期望的鱼类浮游生物都能捕获，包括耐受性极差的种类；营养结构平衡；没有天然杂交种、极少感染疾病个体
48～52	好	鱼类浮游生物种类数略低于期望值，耐受性极差的种类消失；营养结构显示环境受到一定压力，但仍极少天然杂交个体
40～44	一般	鱼类浮游生物丰度低，低耐受种少；生态环境质量开始下降
28～34	差	鱼类浮游生物种类变少；耐受性弱的种类更少，耐受性强的种类比例增加；天然杂交种比例上升。
12～22	极差	鱼类浮游生物数量较少，且多为耐受性极强的种类；天然杂交种普遍

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 长江口海域鱼类浮游生物名录

Tab. 3 Species categories of ichthyoplankton in the Changjiang River Estuary waters

科	种名	生态类型	1986年	1999年	2007年	2016年
鲱科Clupeidae	远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus	M	+
鲱科Clupeidae	青鳞小沙丁鱼Sardinella zunasi	C	+
鲱科Clupeidae	斑鰶Konosirus punctatus	M	+
鳀科Engraulidae	日本鳀Engraulis japonicus	M	+	+	+	+
鳀科Engraulidae	凤鲚Coilia mystus	B	+	+	+	+
鳀科Engraulidae	黄鲫Setipinna taty	C	+
鳀科Engraulidae	康氏侧带小公鱼Stolephorus commersonnii	C			+
鳀科Engraulidae	赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis	C			+
灯笼鱼科Scopelidae	七星底灯鱼Benthosema pterotum	M			+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鳊Parabramis pekinensis	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus	F				+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科1 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科2 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
鲤科Cyprinidae	鲤科3 Cyprinidae sp.	F		+
银鱼科Salangidae	大银鱼Protosalanx chinensis	B	+
银鱼科Salangidae	前颌间银鱼Hemisalanx prognathus	B	+	+
银鱼科Salangidae	太湖短吻银鱼Neosalanx prognathus taihuensis	B	+
银鱼科Salangidae	有明银鱼Salanx ariakensis	B			+
鲻科Mugilidae	鰉 Liza haematocheilus	B	+	+		+
鲻科Mugilidae	前鳞龟鰉Chelon affinis	B				+
鲻科Mugilidae	棱鰉Liza carinatus	B			+
鲻科Mugilidae	鲻Mugil cephalus	B	+
鮨科Serranidae	中国花鲈Lateolabrax maculatus	M				+
鮨科Serranidae	鳜Siniperca chuatsi	F				+
鮨科Serranidae	鮨科Serranidae sp.	M	+
鲷科Sparidae	鲷科Sparidae sp.	M		+
杜父鱼科Cottidae	松江鲈Trachidermus fasciatus	B			+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	黄姑鱼Nibea albiflora	C	+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea	C		+
石首鱼科Sciaenidae	小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis	C	+	+	+	+
天竺鲷科Apogonidae	细条天竺鲷Apogon lineatus	M	+		+
银汉鱼科Atherinidae	白氏银汉鱼Allanetta bleekeri	C			+
鲬科Platycephalidae	鲬Platycephalus indicus	M	+	+		+
鴨科Callionymidae	单鳍鴨Draculo mirabilis	M		+

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 EBI 指标赋值标准

Tab. 4 EBI metrics score criteria

属性	指标	评分标准
属性	指标	1	3	5
物种组成	M1总种类数	<18	18～28	>28
	M2底栖鱼种类数	<8	8～10	>10
	M3水层鱼种类数	<12	12～18	>18
	M4低耐污鱼种类数	<16	16～25	>25
	M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比	>20%	5%～20%	<5%
营养结构	M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比	>45%	20%～45%	<20%
	M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比	<20%	20%～45%	>45%
	M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比	<1%	1%～5%	>5%
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M9鱼类取样个体数	<60	60～90	>90
鱼类丰度和健康状况	M10天然杂交种种类数百分比	>1%	0～1%	0

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 鱼类浮游生物EBI值

Tab. 5 EBI values of ichthyoplankton

属性	1986年	1999年	2007年	2016年
M1总种类数	5	3	1	3
M2底栖鱼种类数	5	3	1	3
M3水层鱼种类数	5	1	3	1
M4低耐污鱼种类数	5	3	3	1
M5高耐污鱼种类数百分比	3	3	3	1
M6杂食性鱼种类数百分比	3	5	5	3
M7虫食性鱼种类数百分比	1	1	3	1
M8肉食性鱼种类数百分比	5	5	5	5
M9鱼类取样个体数	5	5	5	5
M10天然杂交种种类数百分比	5	5	5	5
EBI值	52	40	36	34

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(69)

[1]	Rapport D J, Thorpe C, Regier H A. Ecosystem medicine[J]. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 1979, 60(4): 180−182.
[2]	Costanza R, Mageau M. What is a healthy ecosystem?[J]. Aquatic Ecology, 1999, 33(1): 105−115. doi: 10.1023/A:1009930313242
[3]	孙燕, 周杨明, 张秋文, 等. 生态系统健康: 理论/概念与评价方法[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(8): 887−896. Sun Yan, Zhou Yangming, Zhang Qiuwen, et al. Ecosystem health: theory, concept and assessment methods[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(8): 887−896.
[4]	唐涛, 蔡庆华, 刘建康. 河流生态系统健康及其评价[J]. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(9): 1191−1194. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2002.09.031 Tang Tao, Cai Qinghua, Liu Jiankang. River ecosystem health and its assessment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(9): 1191−1194. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2002.09.031
[5]	周晓蔚, 王丽萍, 郑丙辉, 等. 基于底栖动物完整性指数的河口健康评价[J]. 环境科学, 2009, 30(1): 242−247. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2009.01.041 Zhou Xiaowei, Wang Liping, Zheng Binghui, et al. Estuary health assessment using a benthic-index of biotic integrity in Yangtze estuary and its adjacent waters[J]. Environmental Science, 2009, 30(1): 242−247. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2009.01.041
[6]	Xu F L, Dawson R W, Tao S, et al. A method for lake ecosystem health assessment: an Ecological Modeling Method (EMM) and its application[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2001, 443(1/3): 159−175. doi: 10.1023/A:1017564608126
[7]	Mo M H, Wang X L, Wu H J, et al. Ecosystem health assessment of Honghu Lake Wetland of China using artificial neural network approach[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2009, 19(4): 349−356. doi: 10.1007/s11769-009-0349-9
[8]	Zhu W T, Liu Y Y, Wang S T, et al. Development of microbial community-based index of biotic integrity to evaluate the wetland ecosystem health in Suzhou, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2019, 191: 377. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7512-2
[9]	Xiao F J, Ou Y H, Zhang Q, et al. Forest ecosystem health assessment and analysis in China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2004, 14(1): 18−24.
[10]	渠晓东, 刘志刚, 张远. 标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(15): 4661−4672. doi: 10.5846/stxb201107181065 Qu Xiaodong, Liu Zhigang, Zhang Yuan. Discussion on the standardized method of reference sites selection for establishing the benthic-index of biotic integrity[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(15): 4661−4672. doi: 10.5846/stxb201107181065
[11]	Karr J R. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities[J]. Fisheries, 1981, 6(6): 21−27. doi: 10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2
[12]	Karr J R, Dudley D R. Ecological perspective on water quality goals[J]. Environmental Management, 1981, 5(1): 55−68. doi: 10.1007/BF01866609
[13]	Deegan L A, Finn J T, Ayvazian S G, et al. Development and validation of an estuarine biotic integrity index[J]. Estuaries, 1997, 20(3): 601−617. doi: 10.2307/1352618
[14]	Hughes J E, Deegan L A, Weaver M J, et al. Regional application of an index of estuarine biotic integrity based on fish communities[J]. Estuaries, 2002, 25(2): 250−263. doi: 10.1007/BF02691312
[15]	Breine J J, Maes J, Quataert P, et al. A fish-based assessment tool for the ecological quality of the brackish Schelde estuary in Flanders (Belgium)[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2007, 575(1): 141−159. doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0357-z
[16]	刘守海, 张昊飞, 何彦龙, 等. 基于河口生物完整性指数评价上海周边海域健康状况的初步研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2018, 27(8): 1494−1501. Liu Shouhai, Zhang Haofei, He Yanlong, et al. The preliminary study of ecosystem health assessment in shanghai adjacent waters, in China, based on estuarine biotic integrity index[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 27(8): 1494−1501.
[17]	Hua E, Zhang Z N, Zhou H, et al. Biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters[J]. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 2014, 127(1): 23−34. doi: 10.2988/0006-324X-127.1.23
[18]	李建生, 胡芬, 林楠. 长江口及邻近海域春季仔、稚鱼的生态分布研究[J]. 南方水产科学, 2015, 11(1): 1−8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-0780.2015.01.001 Li Jiansheng, Hu Fen, Lin Nan. Ecological distribution of fish larvae and juveniles in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters in spring[J]. South China Fisheries Science, 2015, 11(1): 1−8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-0780.2015.01.001
[19]	张继民, 刘霜, 唐伟, 等. 海洋生态脆弱性评估理论体系探析[J]. 海洋开发与管理, 2009, 26(8): 30−33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9857.2009.08.007 Zhang Jimin, Liu Shuang, Tang Wei, et al. Theoretical system of vulnerability assessment of marine ecosystem[J]. Ocean Development and Management, 2009, 26(8): 30−33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9857.2009.08.007
[20]	Gao X L, Song J M, Li N, et al. Spatial distribution and diurnal variation of chemical oxygen demand at the beginning of the rainy season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2007, 25(3): 254−260. doi: 10.1007/s00343-007-0254-y
[21]	An Q, Wu Y Q, Wang J H, et al. Assessment of dissolved heavy metal in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 164(1/4): 173−187.
[22]	杨颖, 徐韧. 近30 a来长江口海域生态环境状况变化趋势分析[J]. 海洋科学, 2015, 39(10): 101−107. doi: 10.11759/hykx20141124001 Yang Ying, Xu Ren. The environment variation trend in the Changjiang River estuary in the past 30 a[J]. Marine Sciences, 2015, 39(10): 101−107. doi: 10.11759/hykx20141124001
[23]	王丽萍, 周晓蔚, 郑丙辉, 等. 长江口及毗邻海域沉积物生态环境质量评价[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(5): 2191−2198. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2008.05.035 Wang Liping, Zhou Xiaowei, Zheng Binghui, et al. Sediments eco-environmental quality assessment in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(5): 2191−2198. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2008.05.035
[24]	滕德强, 吕颂辉, 郭福星, 等. 长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属分布和潜在生态危害评价[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2012, 32(2): 11−19. Teng Deqiang, Lü Songhui, Guo Fuxing, et al. Distribution pattern of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Yangtze estuary and adjacent areas and its ecological risk[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2012, 32(2): 11−19.
[25]	蒋玫, 沈新强, 陈莲芳. 长江口及邻近水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布与环境因子的关系[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2006, 25(2): 37−39, 44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6336.2006.02.010 Jiang Mei, Shen Xinqiang, Chen Lianfang. Relationship between with abundance distribution of fish eggs, larvae and environmental factors in the Changjiang estuary and vicinity waters in spring[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2006, 25(2): 37−39, 44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6336.2006.02.010
[26]	蔡文倩, 孟伟, 刘录三, 等. 长江口海域底栖生态环境质量评价——AMBI和M-AMBI法[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(5): 1725−1734. Cai Wenqian, Meng Wei, Liu Lusan, et al. Assessing the benthic ecological status in Yangtze River estuary using AMBI and M-AMBI[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(5): 1725−1734.
[27]	Jiang Z B, Liu J J, Chen J F, et al. Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary during the past 50 years[J]. Water Research, 2014, 54: 1−11. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032
[28]	Liu L, Zhou J, Zheng B H, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of red tide outbreaks in the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent waters, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013, 72(1): 213−221. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.002
[29]	李建生, 李圣法, 丁峰元, 等. 长江口近海鱼类多样性的年际变化[J]. 中国水产科学, 2007, 14(4): 637−643. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-8737.2007.04.016 Li Jiansheng, Li Shengfa, Ding Fengyuan, et al. Analysis on annual change of fish diversity in Yangtze estuary offshore water area[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2007, 14(4): 637−643. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-8737.2007.04.016
[30]	杨东莱, 吴光宗, 孙继仁. 长江口及其邻近海区的浮性鱼卵和仔稚鱼的生态研究[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 1990, 21(4): 346−355. Yang Donglai, Wu Guangzong, Sun Jiren. The investigation of pelagic eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes at the mouth of the Changjiang River and adjacent areas[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1990, 21(4): 346−355.
[31]	朱鑫华, 刘栋, 沙学绅. 长江口春季鱼类浮游生物群落结构与环境因子的关系[J]. 海洋科学集刊, 2002, 44: 169−179. Zhu Xinhua, Liu Dong, Sha Xueshen. Relationship between community structure of ichthyoplankton and environmental factors in the estuary of Changjiang River in spring[J]. Studia Marina Sinica, 2002, 44: 169−179.
[32]	刘淑德, 线薇微. 长江口及其邻近水域鱼类浮游生物群落的时空格局[J]. 生物多样性, 2009, 17(2): 151−159. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08194 Liu Shude, Xian Weiwei. Temporal and spatial patterns of the ichthyoplankton community in the Yangtze estuary and its adjacent waters[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2009, 17(2): 151−159. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08194
[33]	伍汉霖, 邵广昭, 賴春福, 等. 拉汉世界鱼类名典[M]. 基隆: 水产出版社, 1999. Wu Hanlin, Shao Guangzhao, Lai Chunfu, et al. Latin-Chinese Dictionary of Fishes Names[M]. Keelung: The Shuichan Press, 1999.
[34]	倪勇, 伍汉霖. 江苏鱼类志[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2006. Ni Yong, Wu Hanlin. Fishes of Jiangsu Province[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2006.
[35]	丁月旻, 线薇微. 秋季长江口鱼类浮游生物群落时空结构[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 41(10): 67−74. Ding Yuemin, Xian Weiwei. Temporal and spatial structure of ichthyoplankton assembleges in the Yangtze estuary during autumn[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2011, 41(10): 67−74.
[36]	肖欢欢, 张崇良, 徐宾铎, 等. 黄海中南部近岸海域春季鱼类浮游生物群落空间格局研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2017, 39(8): 34−47. Xiao Huanhuan, Zhang Chongliang, Xu Binduo, et al. Spatial pattern of ichthyoplankton assemblage in the coastal waters of central and southern Yellow Sea in the spring[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2017, 39(8): 34−47.
[37]	程家骅, 丁峰元, 李圣法, 等. 夏季东海北部近海鱼类群落结构变化[J]. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(5): 775−781. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2006.05.011 Cheng Jiahua, Ding Fengyuan, Li Shengfa, et al. Changes of fish community structure in the coastal zone of the northern part of East China Sea in Summer[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2006, 21(5): 775−781. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2006.05.011
[38]	Drake P, Arias A M. Composition and seasonal fluctuations of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel of Cádiz Bay (S. W. Spain)[J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 1991, 39(2): 245−263. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04360.x
[39]	Whitfield A K. Fishes and the environmental status of South African estuaries[J]. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 1996, 3(1): 45−57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2400.1996.tb00129.x
[40]	Monteleone D M. Seasonality and abundance of ichthyoplankton in Great South Bay, New York[J]. Estuaries, 1992, 15(2): 230−238. doi: 10.2307/1352697
[41]	Strydom N A, Whitfield A K, Wooldridge T H. The role of estuarine type in characterizing early stage fish assemblages in warm temperate estuaries, South Africa[J]. African Zoology, 2003, 38(1): 29−43. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2003.11657192
[42]	罗秉征. 河口及近海的生态特点与渔业资源[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 1992, 1(1): 24−30. Luo Bingzheng. Ecological characteristics and fishery resources of the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent sea[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 1992, 1(1): 24−30.
[43]	单秀娟, 线薇薇, 武云飞. 三峡工程蓄水前后秋季长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构的动态变化初探[J]. 中国海洋大学学报, 2005, 35(6): 936−940. Shan Xiujuan, Xian Weiwei, Wu Yunfei. Dynamic changes in the ichthyoplankton community structure after the sluice of the Three-Gorges Dam[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2005, 35(6): 936−940.
[44]	张涛, 庄平, 章龙珍, 等. 长江口近岸鱼类种类组成及其多样性[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2010, 16(6): 817−821. Zhang Tao, Zhuang Ping, Zhang Longzhen, et al. Composition and diversity of fish species in the coast of the Yangtze River estuary[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2010, 16(6): 817−821.
[45]	沈新强, 史赟荣, 晁敏, 等. 长江口鱼类群落分类学多样性变动的分析[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2013, 34(4): 1−7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7075.2013.04.001 Shen Xinqiang, Shi Yunrong, Chao Min, et al. Analysis of taxonomic diversity of fish community in Yangtze River estuary[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2013, 34(4): 1−7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7075.2013.04.001
[46]	康斌. 鮻对生源要素循环的作用及长江河口渔业资源现状[D]. 青岛: 中国海洋大学, 2006. Kang Bin. Effects of Liza haematocheila T. & S on nutritional elements cycle and the fisheries resources in the Yangtze estuary[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2006.
[47]	史赟荣, 晁敏, 全为民, 等. 2010年春季长江口鱼类群落空间分布特征[J]. 中国水产科学, 2011, 18(5): 1141−1151. Shi Yunrong, Chao Min, Quan Weimin, et al. Spatial variation in fish community of Yangtze River estuary in spring[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2011, 18(5): 1141−1151.
[48]	刘淑德, 线薇微. 三峡水库蓄水前后春季长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构特征[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2010, 27(10): 82−87. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2010.10.017 Liu Shude, Xian Weiwei. Ichthyoplankton community structure characteristics during spring in Yangtze River estuary before and after impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2010, 27(10): 82−87. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2010.10.017
[49]	张晓晓, 张钰, 徐浩杰. 1950~2005年大通河流域径流变化特征及影响因素[J]. 水文, 2013, 33(6): 90−96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2013.06.019 Zhang Xiaoxiao, Zhang Yu, Xu Haojie. Variation characteristics of runoff and its driving forces in Datong river basin from 1950 to 2005[J]. Journal of China Hydrology, 2013, 33(6): 90−96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2013.06.019
[50]	陈秀凤. 长江中下游出现强降雨局地遭冰雹龙卷风袭击-1999年5月[J]. 气象, 1999, 25(8): 58−61. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.08.016 Chen Xiufeng. Hailstones and tornadoes hit areas with heavy rain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in May 1999[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 1999, 25(8): 58−61. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.08.016
[51]	Faria A, Morais P, Chícharo M A. Ichthyoplankton dynamics in the Guadiana estuary and adjacent coastal area, South-East Portugal[J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2006, 70(1/2): 85−97. doi: 10.1007/s10750-017-3131-5
[52]	刘淑德, 线薇微, 刘栋. 春季长江口及其邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(10): 2284−2292. Liu Shude, Xian Weiwei, Liu Dong. Characteristics of ichthyoplankton assemblages in Yangtze estuary and adjacent waters in spring[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(10): 2284−2292.
[53]	Duffy-Anderson J T, Busby M S, Mier K L, et al. Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996-2000[J]. Fisheries Oceanography, 2006, 15(1): 80−94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00348.x
[54]	万瑞景, 姜言伟. 渤、黄海硬骨鱼类鱼卵与仔稚鱼种类组成及其生物学特征[J]. 上海水产大学学报, 2000, 9(4): 290−297. Wan Ruijing, Jiang Yanwei. The species and biological characteristics of the eggs and larvae of osteichthyes in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University, 2000, 9(4): 290−297.
[55]	罗秉征, 韦晟, 窦硕增. 长江口鱼类食物网与营养结构的研究[J]. 海洋科学集刊, 1997, 38(1): 143−153. Luo Bingzheng, Wei Sheng, Dou Shuozeng. Study on food web and trophic structure of fish in the Changjiang River estuary[J]. Studia Marina Sinica, 1997, 38(1): 143−153.
[56]	Karr J R, Fausch K D, Angermeier P, et al. Assessing Biological Integrity in Running Waters: A Method and its Rationale[M]. Chicago: Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, 1986, 5: 1−28.
[57]	周晓蔚, 王丽萍, 郑丙辉. 长江口及毗邻海域生态系统健康评价研究[J]. 水利学报, 2011, 42(10): 1201−1208, 1217. Zhou Xiaowei, Wang Liping, Zheng Binghui. Ecosystem health assessment for the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent sea area[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011, 42(10): 1201−1208, 1217.
[58]	叶属峰, 刘星, 丁德文. 长江河口海域生态系统健康评价指标体系及其初步评价[J]. 海洋学报, 2007, 29(4): 128−136. Ye Shufeng, Liu Xing, Ding Dewen. Ecosystem health assessment of the Changjiang River Estuary: indicator system and its primarily assessment[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2007, 29(4): 128−136.
[59]	林群, 金显仕, 郭学武, 等. 基于Ecopath模型的长江口及毗邻水域生态系统结构和能量流动研究[J]. 水生态学杂志, 2009, 2(2): 28−36. Lin Qun, Jin Xianshi, Guo Xuewu, et al. Study on the structure and energy flow of the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent waters ecosystem based on Ecopath model[J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2009, 2(2): 28−36.
[60]	韩瑞, 陈求稳, 王丽, 等. 基于生态通道模型的长江口水域生态系统结构与能量流动分析[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(15): 4907−4918. Han Rui, Chen Qiuwen, Wang Li, et al. Analysis of the ecosystem structure and energy flow of the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent seas, based on the Ecopath model[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(15): 4907−4918.
[61]	徐超, 王思凯, 赵峰, 等. 基于Ecopath模型的长江口生态系统营养结构和能量流动研究[J]. 海洋渔业, 2018, 40(3): 309−318. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2018.03.006 Xu Chao, Wang Sikai, Zhao Feng, et al. Trophic structure and energy flow of the Yangtze Estuary ecosystem based on the analysis with Ecopath model[J]. Marine Fisheries, 2018, 40(3): 309−318. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2018.03.006
[62]	黄晋彪, 张雪生. 长江口刀鲚资源试析[J]. 水产科技情报, 1989(6): 173−175. Huang Jinbiao, Zhang Xuesheng. Analysis of Coilia ectense resources in Changjiang Estuary[J]. Fisheries Science & Technology Information, 1989(6): 173−175.
[63]	刘录三, 郑丙辉, 李宝泉, 等. 长江口大型底栖动物群落的演变过程及原因探讨[J]. 海洋学报, 2012, 34(3): 134−145. Liu Lusan, Zheng Binghui, Li Baoquan, et al. Long-term trends of macrobenthos in Changjiang Estuary, China in relation to environmental changes[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2012, 34(3): 134−145.
[64]	王金辉, 黄秀清, 刘阿成, 等. 长江口及邻近水域的生物多样性变化趋势分析[J]. 海洋通报, 2004, 23(1): 32−39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6392.2004.01.006 Wang Jinhui, Huang Xiuqing, Liu Acheng, et al. Tendency of the biodiversity variation nearby Changjiang Estuary[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2004, 23(1): 32−39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6392.2004.01.006
[65]	杜景龙, 杨世伦, 陈广平. 30多年来人类活动对长江三角洲前缘滩涂冲淤演变的影响[J]. 海洋通报, 2013, 32(3): 296−302. Du Jinglong, Yang Shilun, Chen Guangping. Influence of human activities on the evolution of the tidal flat of Yangtze River delta front during the last 30 years[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2013, 32(3): 296−302.
[66]	Washington H G. Diversity, biotic and similarity indices: A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems[J]. Water Research, 1984, 18(6): 653−694. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(84)90164-7
[67]	魏辅文, 聂永刚, 苗海霞, 等. 生物多样性丧失机制研究进展[J]. 科学通报, 2014, 59(6): 430−437. doi: 10.1360/972013-557 Wei Fuwen, Nie Yonggang, Miao Haixia, et al. Advancements of the researches on biodiversity loss mechanisms[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2014, 59(6): 430−437. doi: 10.1360/972013-557
[68]	孔定江, 李道季, 吴莹. 近50年长江口的主要有机污染的记录[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2007(2): 94−103. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2007.02.015 Kong Dingjiang, Li Daoji, Wu Ying. Evolution of organic pollution in the Changjiang River estuary in the past fifty years[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2007(2): 94−103. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2007.02.015
[69]	单秀娟, 线薇薇, 武云飞. 长江河口生态系统鱼类浮游生物生态学研究进展[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2004(4): 87−93. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2004.04.015 Shan Xiujuan, Xian Weiwei, Wu Yunfei. Progress of studies on ichthyoplankton ecology of Changjiang River estuary[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2004(4): 87−93. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2004.04.015