渤海海峡沉积物输运的参数化计算

齐富康; 边昌伟; 徐景平

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.008

渤海海峡沉积物输运的参数化计算

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.008

齐富康^1,,
边昌伟²,
徐景平^{3, 4, ,}

1.
中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院，山东青岛 266100
2.
中国海洋大学物理海洋教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266100
3.
南方科技大学海洋科学与工程系，广东深圳 518055
4.
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室，山东青岛 266061

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41530966，41476070）。

详细信息

作者简介:
齐富康（1994-），男，山东省临邑县人，主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail: qiqiqi789456@163.com

通讯作者:
徐景平，男，教授，主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail: xujp@sustc.edu.cn

中图分类号: P736.21
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-10
- 修回日期: 2019-02-17
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-18
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-25

Parameterization of sediment transport in the Bohai Strait

Qi Fukang^1
,,
Bian Changwei²,
Xu Jingping^{3, 4
, ,}

1.
Collage of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
3.
Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
4.
Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China

摘要

摘要: 本文以2018年冬季渤海海峡两个站位的定点连续观测数据为基础，使用一维参数化方案，计算了观测站位底边界层内的水平悬浮物输运通量以及推移质输运量。在参数化方案中，简化的一维对流扩散方程被用于计算底边界层内的垂向悬浮物浓度。为了验证参数化方案的可靠性，本文基于观测数据对比了两种底剪切应力计算模型、四种临界起动剪切应力计算方法和两种一维对流扩散方程解法。对比结果表明：(1)不同模型计算的底剪切应力结果相近；(2)临界起动剪切应力受到颗粒间黏性作用的影响；(3)一维对流扩散方程的求解过程需要考虑沉积物浓度的分层效应和不同粒级颗粒临界起动剪切应力的差异。基于上述对比结果确定的最优参数化方案，进一步计算了观测站位的沉积物输运量：(1)在有再悬浮的时段，距底5 m内的水平悬浮物通量占全水深悬浮物通量的比例(T01站约为21%，T02站约为17%)显著高于相同层位水通量的占比；(2)依据参数化方案估算的冬季平均的悬浮物通量比忽略底边界层悬浮物浓度垂向变化的传统方法结果高约16%；(3)推移质输运量比悬移质输运量约低两个数量级。
- 底边界层 /
- 悬浮物通量 /
- 推移质输运量 /
- 渤海海峡
Abstract: The horizontal suspended and bed-load sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer were computed by applying a one-dimensional parameterized scheme to the in-situ data obtained from two stations in the Bohai Strait during a winter field investigation in 2018. In the parameterized scheme, a simplified one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation was used to calculate the vertical suspended sediment concentration in the bottom boundary layer. Aiming at verifying the reliability of the parameterization scheme, two models of bed shear stress calculation, four critical bed-shear stress methods and two advection-diffusion solutions were compared based on the observations. It showed that: (1) bed shear stress calculated by different models are fairly consistent; (2) the critical bed-shear stress is affected by sediment cohesive effects; (3) stratification effect of sediment concentration and the difference of critical bed-shear stress with different particle size fractions need to be considered solving the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. Based on the optimal parameterization obtained from the comparisons, sediment transport of the two stations was further calculated: (1) during resuspension events, the ratio of the horizontal suspended sediment flux within 5 meters above bottom accounting for the suspended sediment flux throughout the entire water column which is about 21% in T01 and 17% in T02 is significantly higher than the ratio of the water flux within the same layers; (2) the mean suspended sediment flux estimated by the parameterization scheme in winter is about 16% higher than the result estimated from the conventional method which ignores the vertical variation of suspended sediment concentration in the bottom boundary layer; (3) bed-load transport is generally 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the suspended load transport.
- bottom boundary layer /
- suspended sediment flux /
- bed-load transport /
- Bohai Strait

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图 1 观测站位（a）及其表层样的粒度频率分布（b，c）

本文将砂定义为粒径大于62.5 μm的颗粒，粉砂定义为粒径8～62.5 μm的颗粒，黏土定义为粒径小于8 μm的颗粒

Fig. 1 Observation stations (a) and particle size frequency distribution of bed sediments (b,c)

The sand fraction is defined as the particles with a diameter larger than 62.5 μm, the silt fraction is defined as the particles with a diameter between 8 μm and 62.5 μm, the clay fraction is defined as the particles with a diameter smaller than 8 μm

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图 2 ADCP回声强度反演的悬浮体浓度（SSC_i）与抽滤实验得到的悬浮体浓度（SSC_p）拟合

Fig. 2 Linear fitting equations between suspended sediment concentration estimated from ADCP echo intensity (SSC_i) and suspended sediment concentration measured from pumping experiment (SSC_p)

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图 3 Soulsby^[8]和Van Rijn^[17]模型计算底剪切应力的对比

a. 浪致(τ_w)和流致(τ_c)底剪切应力; b. 浪−流合致底剪切应力

Fig. 3 Comparison of bed shear stress calculated by Van Rijn’s^[17] and Soulsby’s^[8] models

a. Wave-related bed shear stress (τ_w) and current-related bed shear stress (τ_c); b. bed shear stress beneath combined waves and currents

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图 4 T01站8种粒径组分不同临界启动剪切应力(τ_cr)计算方法的结果对比

蓝色为基于公式(6)校正系数ξ₁计算的τ_cr；青色为基于公式(7)校正系数ξ₂计算的τ_cr；黄色为基于公式(5)(考虑颗粒间的黏性作用)的计算结果；红色为假设颗粒间无黏性的计算结果

Fig. 4 Comparison of the results of different critical bed-shear stress (τ_cr) calculations for 8 particle size fractions at T01 Station

Blue bar represents τ_cr calculated basing on correction factor ξ₁ calculated by Eq. (6); cyan bar represents τ_cr calculated basing on correction factor ξ₂ calculated by Eq. (7); yellow bar represents the results of Eq. (5) where cohesive effects are related; red bar represents the results of assuming no clay coating effects between particles

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图 5 T01和T02站在不同时刻的再悬浮浓度剖面与观测浓度剖面的对比

t表示时刻。红色线表示中值粒径代入考虑分层效应的简化平流扩散方程的结果；黑色线表示不同粒级颗粒分别代入考虑分层效应的简化平流扩散方程的结果；蓝色线表示中值粒径带入Rouse剖面的结果；粉红色线表示不同粒级颗粒分别带入Rouse剖面的结果；绿色圆圈表示ADCP声学信号反演的SSC

Fig. 5 Comparison between modeled SSC profile and measured SSC profile at observation stations T01 and T02 at different time

t represents time. Red line represents the result of simplified advection-diffusion equation involving stratification effects under median diameter; black line represents the result of simplified advection-diffusion equation involving stratification effects under graded particle diameters; blue line represents the result of Rouse profile under median diameter; pink line represents the result of Rouse profile under graded particle diameters; green circles represents SSC by ADCP backscatter inversion

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图 6 观测站位T01和T02的风速和距底5 m的流速

黑色箭头表示风速，红色箭头表示流速。箭头的长度和方向分别表示流或风的大小和方向。S1表示大潮阶段，S2表示大风阶段（阴影部分），S3表示小潮（伴随短时大风）阶段

Fig. 6 Wind speed and current velocity at 5 MAB at observation stations T01 and T02

Black arrows represent wind speed and red arrows represent current velocity. The length and the direction of the arrow indicates the magnitude and the direction of current or wind respectively. S1 represents the stage of spring tides, S2 represents the stage of strong winds (the dash area) and S3 represents the stage of neap tides with short term winds

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图 7 T01和T02站位时间序列的数据

a, e. 距底5 m的流速大小和ADCP观测的水位；b, f. 有效波高(H_s)、波周期(T)、波浪轨道流速(U_w)；c, g. 浪-流合致有效底剪切应力(τ_cw')、8 μm颗粒的临界启动剪切应力(τ_cr)、8 μm颗粒在距底5 m的扩散系数(ε_s)；d, h. 距底5 m的模拟SSC和观测SSC

Fig. 7 Time series data of T01 and T02 stations

a, e. current velocity at 5 m above bottom and water level observed by ADCP; b, f. significant wave height (H_s), wave period (T) and wave orbital velocity (U_w); c, g. effective bed shear stress combined currents and waves (τ_cw'), critical bed-shear stress (τ_cr) for particle size of 8 μm and mixing coefficient (ε_s) for particle size of 8 μm at 5 m above bottom; d, h. modeled and measured SSC at 5 m above bottom

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图 8 比较参数化计算底边界层（BBL）SSC与用定值代替底边界层SSC这两种情况下，底边界层时间序列SSF计算结果的差异

SSF_1_h1表示使用选取的最优参数化方案计算的底边界层SSF。SSF_2_h1表示把底边层的SSC视为定值，计算的底边界层SSF。SSF_h表示以SSF_1_h1为底边界层通量计算的全水深SSF。SSF_1_h1/SSF_h表示SSF_1_h1占SSF_h的比例

Fig. 8 The differences of the calculation results of time-series SSF in BBL under the comparison between SSC calculated by parameterization scheme and SSC in BBL replaced by the constant

SSF_1_h1 represents SSF in BBL calculated by optimal parameterization scheme. SSF_2_h1 represents SSF in BBL regarding SSC as a constant. SSF_h represents SSF in the whole water column regarding SSF_1_h1 as SSF in BBL. SSF_1_h1/SSF_h represents the proportion of SSF_1_h1 in SSF_h

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表 1 两个站位基本信息和现场观测使用的仪器

Tab. 1 The basic information of two stations and instruments used during in-situ investigation

站位	平均水深/m	纬度	经度	观测开始日期	观测结束日期	观测平台	搭载仪器
T01	30.9	38.10°N	121.20°E	2018年1月6日	2018年1月13日	锚系、底基三脚架、船基吊放四脚架	ADCP，CTD，沉积物捕获器，LISST
T02	51.2	38.41°N	121.38°E	2018年1月2日	2018年1月12日	锚系、海床基、船基吊放四脚架	ADCP，CTD，CT，TU，沉积物捕获器，LISST

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表 2 T01和T02站海底沉积物组分划分

Tab. 2 Fractions of bed sediments of stations T01 and T02

组分编号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
粒径/μm	>250	177～250	125～177	88～125	62.5～88	32～62.5	8～32	<8
T01站各组分百分含量/%	13.91	20.98	21.45	13.36	4.89	3.11	11.23	11.07
T02站各组分百分含量/%	17.89	9.63	12.06	11.34	8.74	10.77	12.77	16.80

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表 3 T01和T02站平均悬浮物通量（SSF）和推移质通量分析对比

Tab. 3 The comparison of mean SSF throughout the whole water column and bed-load transport

站位	阶段	SSF/g·(m·s)⁻¹	方向/（°）	推移质通量/g·(m·s)⁻¹
T01	S1	23.10	334	0.16
	S2	93.11	145	0.41
	S3	7.68	353	0.035
T02	S1	30.73	348	0.22
	S2	14.00	269	0.034
	S3	6.93	234	0.018

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