南海海平面对两类El Niño的不同响应

罗凤云; 谭伟; 李娟; 左军成; 梅宇立; 纪棋严; 李直龙; 庄圆

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.004

南海海平面对两类El Niño的不同响应

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.004

罗凤云^1,,
谭伟^{2, 3, ,},
李娟²,
左军成¹,
梅宇立⁴,
纪棋严¹,
李直龙¹,
庄圆¹

1.
浙江海洋大学海洋科学与技术学院，浙江舟山 316022
2.
山东科技大学海洋科学与工程学院，山东青岛 266590
3.
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室，山东青岛 266237
4.
上海市海洋管理事务中心，上海 200050

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2017YFA0604901）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目（41806039）；国家社科重大项目（15ZDB170）；国家自然科学基金（41576020）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（41976025）。

详细信息

作者简介:
罗凤云（1993-），女，浙江省衢州市人，从事气候变化和海平面研究。E-mail：phoebe_luo@outlook.com

通讯作者:
谭伟，讲师，主要从事热带海气相互作用方向的研究。E-mail：tw0419@yeah.net

中图分类号: P732.6
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-04-26
- 修回日期: 2019-07-14
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-18
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-25

Different sea level variations in the South China Sea in response to two types of El Niño

1.
Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
2.
College of Ocean Science and Engineering , Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
3.
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
4.
Shanghai Administration Center for Ocean Affairs, Shanghai 200050, China

摘要

摘要: 利用ECMWF ORAS4重构数据，分析了南海海平面异常(SLA)对东部型(EP)El Niño和中部型(CP)El Niño的不同响应特征。南海SLA在两类El Niño期间表现出不同的时空演变规律。对于东部型El Niño，南海空间平均的SLA在发展年的秋、冬季显著下降，最低可达−2 cm，并在次年开始上升，至次年冬季可达2 cm。空间分布上，在发展年秋、冬季，除越南东南部海域存在一个正异常中心外，在南海绝大部分海域，SLA均表现为显著的负异常；从次年春季开始，SLA负异常减弱，而越南东南部的正异常开始发展，直至冬季南海大部分海域以正异常为主。对于中部型El Niño，南海SLA在整个El Niño发展和衰退期间均表现为显著负异常，异常值始终维持在−2 cm左右，并且在空间上表现为全海盆一致的负异常模态。相比于传统的经验正交分解(EOF)，季节EOF(S-EOF)能够更好地刻画南海SLA在两类El Niño期间的时空演变特征，S-EOF的第一模态表现为中部型El Niño模态，而第二模态更多地表现为南海SLA在东部型El Niño期间的演变特征。南海海平面在两类El Niño期间的不同变化主要是由于海峡通道处的热量平流输运异常所产生的热比容效应导致的，但是比容海平面的贡献主要集中在南海内区和南海东部等深水海域，对于南海西部等近岸海域，海平面的变化机制还有待进一步深入研究。
- 东部型El Niño /
- 中部型El Niño /
- 南海海平面 /
- 比容海平面
Abstract: Using the ECMWF ORAS4 reconstruction data, the different response characteristics of the South China Sea Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) to the Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño and the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño were analyzed. The South China Sea SLA showed different spatial and temporal evolution during the two types of El Niño. For the EP El Niño, the average SLA in the South China Sea decreased significantly in the autumn and winter of the developing year, with a minimum of −2 cm, and began to rise in the following year, up to 2 cm in the following winter. In terms of spatial distribution, in the autumn and winter of developing year, except for the existence of a positive anomaly to the southeast of Vietnam, in most of the South China Sea, SLAs are characterized by significant negative anomalies; from the spring of the following year, SLA negatively weakens, while the southeastern part of Vietnam was beginning to develop abnormally until the majority of the South China Sea is dominated by positive anomalies. For the CP El Niño, the South China Sea SLA showed significant negative anomalies throughout the El Niño development and decline, the outliers were always maintained at around −2 cm, and spatially represented as a consistent negative anomaly of the whole basin. Compared with the traditional empirical orthogonal decomposition (EOF), the seasonal EOF (S-EOF) can better characterize the temporal and spatial evolution of the South China Sea SLA during the two types of El Niño. The first mode of the S-EOF is CP El Niño mode, while the second mode is more characterized by the evolution of the South China Sea SLA during the EP El Niño. The different variations of the South China Sea SLA during the two types of El Niño are mainly due to the thermal specific volume effect caused by the thermal advection transport anomaly at the channel, but the contribution of the thermosteric sea level is mainly concentrated in the interior South China Sea. While in the coastal regions, such as the western South China Sea, the mechanism of sea level change needs further study.
- EP El Niño /
- CP El Niño /
- sea level variation in the South China Sea /
- thermosteric sea level

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图 1 南海水深及其主要海峡

Fig. 1 South China Sea topography and its main straits

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图 2 两类El Niño期间合成的南海区域平均海平面异常时间演变

Year (0)表示El Niño发展年，Year (1)表示El Niño衰减年；加粗实线表示通过90%置信检验

Fig. 2 Evolution of composited area-averaged sea level anomaly during two types of El Niño

Year (0) and Year (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño, respectively. Bold parts represent the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

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图 3 东部型El Niño期间合成的南海海平面异常空间分布

MAM，JJA，SON和DJF分别表示春、夏、秋、冬4个季节。（0），（1），（2）分别表示El Niño的发展年、衰减年以及衰减年的次年。白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 3 Spatial evolution of composited sea level anomaly during EP El Niño

MAM, JJA, SON, DJF indicate boreal spring, summer, autumn, and winter. (0), (1), (2) denote the developing year, decaying year, and third year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

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图 4 中部型El Niño期间合成的南海海平面异常空间分布

MAM，JJA，SON和DJF分别表示春、夏、秋、冬4个季节。（0），（1），（2）分别表示El Niño的发展年、衰减年以及衰减年的次年。白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 4 Spatial evolution of composited sea level anomaly during CP El Niño

MAM, JJA, SON, DJF indicate boreal spring, summer, autumn, and winter. (0), (1), (2) denote the developing year, decaying year, and third year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

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图 5 南海海平面高度异常(SLA)的S-EOF分解第一模态

a−d分别为春 (MAM)、夏 (JJA)、秋 (SON)、冬 (DJF) 4个季节的海面高度异常空间分布；（0）和（1）分别表示El Niño的发展年和衰减年；e为第一模态时间序列图

Fig. 5 First S-EOF mode of sea level anomaly (SLA) in the South China Sea

a−d are SLA spatial pattern of spring (MAM), summer (JJA), autumn (SON), winter (DJF), respectively; (0) and (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño; e is principal component time series of SLA

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图 6 南海海平面高度异常(SLA)的S-EOF分解第二模态

a−d分别为春 (MAM)、夏 (JJA)、秋 (SON)、冬 (DJF) 4个季节的海面高度异常空间分布；（0）和（1）分别表示El Niño的发展年和衰减年；e为第二模态时间序列图

Fig. 6 The second S-EOF mode of sea level anomaly (SLA) in the South China Sea

a−d are SLA spatial pattern of spring (MAM), summer (JJA), autumn (SON), winter (DJF), respectively; (0) and (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño; e is principal component time series of sea level anomaly

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图 7 两类El Niño 期间合成的南海区域平均热比容海平面异常（TSLA）时间演变

Year (0)表示El Niño发展年，Year (1)表示El Niño衰减年；加粗实线表示通过90%置信检验

Fig. 7 Evolution of composited area-averaged TSLA during two types of El Niño

Year (0) and Year (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño, respectively. Bold parts represent the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 东部型El Niño期间合成的南海热比容海平面异常（TSLA）空间分布

MAM，JJA，SON和DJF分别表示春、夏、秋、冬4个季节。（0），（1），（2）分别表示El Niño的发展年、衰减年以及衰减年的次年。白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 8 Spatial evolution of composited TSLA during EP El Niño

MAM, JJA, SON, DJF indicate boreal spring, summer, autumn, and winter. (0), (1), (2) denote the developing year, decaying year, and third year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 中部型El Niño期间合成的南海热比容海平面异常（TSLA）空间分布

MAM，JJA，SON和DJF分别表示春、夏、秋、冬4个季节。（0），（1），（2）分别表示El Niño的发展年、衰减年以及衰减年的次年。白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 9 Spatial evolution of composited TSLA during CP El Niño

MAM, JJA, SON, DJF indicate boreal spring, summer, autumn, and winter. (0), (1), (2) denote the developing year, decaying year, and third year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 东部型El Niño（a）和中部型El Niño（b）期间合成的海温异常垂向分布

Year (0)表示El Niño发展年，Year (1)表示El Niño衰减年；白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 10 Composite temperature anomaly as a function of depth during the EP El Niño (a) and CP El Niño (b)

Year (0) and Year (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

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图 11 东部型El Niño（a）和中部型El Niño（b）期间合成的南海净热输运异常垂向演变

净热输运负值表示南海热量减少，正值表示南海热量增加。Year (0)表示El Niño发展年，Year (1)表示El Niño衰减年。白色等值线包围的区域表示通过90%显著性检验的区域

Fig. 11 Composite net heat transport anomaly as a function of depth during the EP El Niño (a) and CP El Niño (b)

Negative net heat transport means that heat decreases in the South China Sea, vice versa. Year (0) and Year (1) indicate the developing and decaying year of El Niño, respectively. The white contours filled with dots indicate the composite exceeding the 90% significance level based on a Student’s t test

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

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