Distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates and corresponding influencing factors in Jiuduansha shoals
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摘要: 大型底栖动物是盐沼湿地中最重要的生物类群之一。本文以长江口九段沙湿地为研究区域，于2016年10月在江亚南沙、上沙和下沙的不同区域沿高程梯度设置固定采样站点，对大型底栖动物、沉积物和植物进行取样调研，分析研究了大型底栖动物的分布特征及其影响因子。结果表明：(1)大型底栖动物沿高程梯度的分布具有一定规律性：低潮带环节动物的多度和生物量均最高，中潮带软体动物的物种数最多，高潮带甲壳动物的多度和生物量均最高；(2)不同区域由于环境条件的差异，大型底栖动物沿高程梯度的分布特征也有明显差异；(3)对大型底栖动物分布特征有显著影响的生境因子主要包括沉积物中值粒径、氧化还原电位和植株密度等，不同区域、不同生境中对大型底栖动物的分布特征有显著影响的生境因子也有一定差异；(4)互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的入侵改变了生境条件，进而对大型底栖动物的分布特征产生影响。在今后的研究中，要充分考虑不同区域、不同高程之间环境条件的差异，进一步探讨盐沼湿地大型底栖动物的分布特征及影响因子的综合作用。Abstract: The benthic macroinvertebrate is one of the most important biological groups in salt marsh ecosystem. The Jiuduansha shoals of the Changjiang Estuary were selected as the study areas, and fixed sampling sites were set along the elevation gradient in the different areas, and the benthic macroinvertebrates, sediments and plants were sampled for the analysis on the distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates and corresponding influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) The distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates along elevation gradient has certain regularity: The abundance and biomass of annelids in the low tidal zone appeared to be the highest, the species number of mollusks in the middle tidal zone was the highest, and the abundance and biomass of crustaceans in the high tidal zone were the highest. (2) Due to the differences of environmental conditions, the distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates along the elevation gradient were also significantly different among the different areas. (3) Habitat factors that have significant effects on the distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates included the median grain size, the redox potential of sediments, the density of plants, etc, and there were some differences among the different areas and habitats. (4) The invasion of Spartina alterniflora changed the habitat conditions and thus affected the distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates. In future studies, we should fully consider the differences of environmental conditions between the different areas and elevations to explore the distribution characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrates and the comprehensive effects of the influencing factors.
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Key words:
- salt marsh /
- benthic macroinvertebrates /
- elevation /
- distribution characteristics /
- influencing factors
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图 2 大型底栖动物的密度(A)和生物量(B)（平均值±标准误）
上方标注不同小写字母的柱状图表示同一断面不同生境之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），括号中不同的小写字母表示不同断面同一生境类型之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）
Fig. 2 Density (A) and biomass (B) of the benthic macroinvertebrates (mean±SE)
The histograms marked with different letters above indicate the significant differences between different habitats in the same section （P<0.05）, and the different letters in brackets indicate the significant differences between the same habitat in different sections （P<0.05）.
图 3 大型底栖动物群落的聚类分析（a）及非度量多维尺度分析（b）
Fig. 3 Cluster (a) and nMDS analysis (b) of the benthic macroinvertebrate community
图 4 沉积物理化特征（平均值±标准误）
Fig. 4 Physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments (mean±SE)
表 1 九段沙大型底栖动物群落组成特征
Tab. 1 Community composition of the benthic macroinvertebrates in Jiuduansha
种类 J1断面 J2断面 J3断面 J4断面 光滩 海三棱藨草带 芦苇带 光滩 海三棱藨草带 芦苇带 光滩 互花米草带 光滩 海三棱藨草带 互花米草带 %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI %N %B IRI 软体动物Mollusca 河蚬
Corbicula fluminea91.40 99.58 190.98 82.72 99.28 182.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.11 36.01 23.56 97.37 98.56 156.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 9.33 4.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.60 3.32 3.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 彩虹明樱蛤
Moerella iridescens0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 1.09 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 1.97 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 黑龙江河篮蛤
Potamocorbula amurensis0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 35.05 12.18 2.63 1.44 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.43 84.30 150.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 84.26 85.91 170.17 95.96 94.71 171.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 光滑狭口螺
Stenothyra glabra0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 0.58 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 堇拟沼螺
Assiminea violacea0.00 0.00 0.00 1.23 0.28 0.15 52.00 51.03 41.21 79.17 28.12 64.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.50 3.01 16.41 94.96 80.52 157.93 2.78 2.57 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.23 85.00 175.23 绯拟沼螺
A. latericea0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.30 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 微小螺
Elachisina sp.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17 0.81 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.71 1.59 8.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.48 3.79 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 中华拟蟹守螺
Cerithidea sinensis0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.00 82.31 178.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 环节动物Annelida 背蚓虫
Notomastus latericeus4.30 0.19 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.22 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 0.62 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 圆锯齿吻沙蚕
Dentinephtys glabra0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 0.09 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 0.98 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.32 0.07 双齿围沙蚕
Nereis succinea3.23 0.24 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 甲壳动物Crustacea 短身大眼蟹
Macrophthalmus abbreviatus0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93 5.54 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 无齿螳臂相手蟹
Chiromantes dehaani1.08 0.00 0.11 16.05 0.43 11.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 17.69 4.34 0.71 0.37 0.22 5.04 19.48 17.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.40 14.68 16.86 红螯螳臂相手蟹
C. haematocheir0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.00 44.67 62.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
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表 2 不同站点植株密度、生物量和高度（平均值±标准误）
Tab. 2 Density, biomass and height of the plants in the different sampling sites（mean ± SE）
站点 密度/株·m−2 地上生物量 (干重)/g·m−2 株高/cm J1Sm 309.20±18.30 a 54.68±5.64 a 49.59±1.25 a J2Sm 281.60±23.22 a 41.99±4.27 a 42.62±1.03 a J4Sm 406.40±28.43 b 52.70±6.05 a 34.18±1.08 a J1Pa 64.40±6.18 (a) 861.70±111.10 (ac) 189.56±6.96 (a) J2Pa 94.80±7.46 (b) 437.40±60.68 (a) 131.35±5.67 (a) J3Sa 75.20±7.37 (b) 1300.19±70.39 (b) 179.32±15.97 (a) J4Sa 85.60±8.73 (b) 883.83±94.46 (c) 160.41±4.63 (a) 注：表中前3行同一列标注不同字母表示不同站点海三棱藨草相互之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），后4行同一列括号中标注不同字母表示不同站点芦苇/互花米草之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。
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表 3 大型底栖动物与生境因子的非线性回归分析
Tab. 3 Nonlinear regression analysis among the benthic macroinvertebrates and habitat factors
断面 多度 光滩 海三棱藨草带 芦苇/互花米草带 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P J1 1,2,3,8,20 0.826 0.025 3,4,8,10,24,25 0.855 0.071 36 0.336 0.019 J2 4,6,10,25 0.733 0.008 5,11,12,15,16,
25,27,28,360.711 0.200 6 0.809 0.200 J3 9,28 0.127 0.017 22,29 0.879 0.143 J4 3,8 0.309 0.017 3,12 0.363 0.264 1,4,5,12,13,14,
16,25,280.624 0.205 断面 生物量 光滩 海三棱藨草带 芦苇/互花米草带 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P 筛选因子组合 相关性系数 P J1 2,5 0.917 0.889 3,11,14,25 0.818 0.146 18,22,30 0.379 0.051 J2 6 0.806 0.115 5,11,12,15,16,
25,27,28,360.711 0.200 3,4,8 0.938 0.049 J3 1,2,25,29,32 0.055 0.703 11,34,36 0.03 0.346 J4 2,3,5,9,12,
14,15,170.297 0.625 3,12 0.491 0.200 25,33 0.624 0.49 注：生境因子，1：沉积物温度；2：沉积物pH；3：沉积物氧化还原电位；4：沉积物电导率；5：沉积物孔隙水盐度；6：沉积物中值粒径（0～5 cm）；7：沉积物中值粒径（5～10 cm）；8：沉积物中值粒径（10～15 cm）；9：沉积物中值粒径（15～20 cm）；10：沉积物中值粒径（20～25 cm）；11：沉积物中值粒径（25～30 cm）；12：沉积物总碳含量（0～5 cm）；13：沉积物总碳含量（5～10 cm）；14：沉积物总碳含量（10～15 cm）；15：沉积物总碳含量（15～20 cm）；16：沉积物总碳含量（20～25 cm）；17：沉积物总碳含量（25～30 cm）；18：沉积物总氮含量（0～5 cm）；19：沉积物总氮含量（5～10 cm）；20：沉积物总氮含量（10～15 cm）；21：沉积物总氮含量（15～20 cm）；22：沉积物总氮含量（20～25 cm）；23：沉积物总氮含量（25～30 cm）；24：沉积物含水率（0～5 cm）；25：沉积物含水率（5～10 cm）；26：沉积物含水率（10～15 cm）；27：沉积物含水率（15～20 cm）；28：沉积物含水率（20～25 cm）；29：沉积物含水率（25～30 cm）；30：沉积物容积密度（0～5 cm）；31：沉积物容积密度（5～10 cm）；32：沉积物容积密度（10～15 cm）；33：沉积物容积密度（15～20 cm）；34：沉积物容积密度（20～25 cm）；35：沉积物容积密度（25～30 cm）；36：植株密度；37：植株高度；38：植物地上部分生物量。
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