70年来中国化学海洋学研究的主要进展

宋金明; 王启栋; 张润; 陈建芳; 陈敏; 徐忠胜

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.004

70年来中国化学海洋学研究的主要进展

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.004

宋金明^{1, 4, 5, 6,},
王启栋^{1, 4, 5, 6},
张润²,
陈建芳³,
陈敏²,
徐忠胜³

1.
中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室，山东青岛 266071
2.
厦门大学海洋与地球学院，福建厦门 361102
3.
自然资源部第二海洋研究所，浙江杭州 310012
4.
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室，山东青岛 266237
5.
中国科学院大学，北京 100049
6.
中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心，山东青岛 266071

基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（XDA23050501）；国家基金委–山东省联合基金项目（U1606404）。

详细信息

作者简介:
宋金明（1964—），男，河北省枣强县人，研究员，主要从事化学海洋学研究。E-mail:jmsong@qdio.ac.cn

中图分类号: P734
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-07-17
- 修回日期: 2019-08-07
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-10-25

Main progress on chemical oceanography in China over the past 70 years

Song Jinming^{1, 4, 5, 6
,},
Wang Qidong^{1, 4, 5, 6},
Zhang Run²,
Chen Jianfang³,
Chen Min²,
Xu Zhongsheng³

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2.
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
3.
Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
4.
Marine Ecology and Environment Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
5.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
6.
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

摘要

摘要: 我国的海洋化学工作者通过70年来，特别是近30年来的化学海洋学研究，实现了我国与世界先进水平进入同步发展的快车道，其显著的特点是：(1)化学海洋学研究从元素地球化学分布系统转向了以揭示深层次海洋生物地球化学过程为核心的研究；(2)化学海洋学研究实现了多领域、多视点的综合交叉研究；(3)更加关注了人为影响与自然变化共同作用下的海洋生态环境变化研究，对近海和海岸带而言，更加注重从海陆统筹一体化角度探析化学物质的分布迁移特征。本文从生源要素的海洋生物地球化学过程、微/痕量元素与同位素的海洋化学研究、生物过程作用下的化学海洋学过程等角度，重点总结归纳和分析了30年来我国海洋化学研究的重要进展和发展状况，以期对化学海洋学的进一步研究提供借鉴和启迪。
- 海洋生物地球化学过程 /
- 生源要素 /
- 微/痕量元素与同位素 /
- 生物作用过程
Abstract: Through 70 years of chemical oceanography research, China has entered a period of rapid development in synchronization with the world's advanced level in this field. The remarkable characteristics of marine chemistry study in China are as follows: (1) the study of marine chemistry has shifted from the study of geochemical distribution systems of elements to the study focused on revealing the deep-seated marine biogeochemical processes; (2) the study of chemical oceanography has achieved to become a comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of multi-fields and multi-viewpoints; (3) more attention has been paid to the study of the changes of marine ecological environment under the influence of both human activities and natural changes, and for offshore and coastal zones, more importance has been attached to analyzing the change process from the perspective of the integration of land and sea. In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the important progresses and developments status of marine chemistry research in China in the past 30 years, mainly from the perspectives of the marine biogeochemical processes of biogenic elements, the marine chemistry of trace elements and isotopes and the chemical oceanographic processes under the effect of biological processes. We hope this can provide references and illuminations for the further study of chemical oceanography.
- marine biogeochemical processes /
- biogenic elements /
- trace elements and isotopes /
- biological processes

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图 1 1982–2018年渤海溶解无机氮（DIN）浓度（实心圆）和溶解无机磷（DIP）浓度（空心圆）的变化^[7]

Fig. 1 Concentrations of DIN (solid circle) and DIP (hollow circle) from 1982 to 2018 in Bohai Sea^[7]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 基于Ba-盐度指标的春、夏季东海陆架底层黑潮水所占比例^[11]

Fig. 2 The proportion of Kuroshio water in the bottom shelf of the East China Sea in spring and summer based on Ba-salinity index^[11]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 表层海水及海–气界面中DMS的源–汇过程^[18]

Fig. 3 Sources and sinks processes of DMS in the sea microlayer and surface waters^[18]

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表 1 渤海、黄海、东海、南海海气CO₂通量

Tab. 1 Sea-air CO₂ fluxes in China coastal seas

	渤海	黄海	东海	南海
春季	–3.40	–9.20	–59.28±9.60	21.60±56.40
夏季	—	–5.80	– 44.04±13.08	11.40±12.36
秋季	51.10	8.00	18.00±100.44	35.40±12.60
冬季	–16.90	–26.20	–80.16±83.16	16.80±21.36
年际通量	0.22±0.85	–1.15±1.95	– 6.92～–23.30	13.86～33.60
注：以碳计，季节通量单位为kg/(m²·d)，年际通量单位为Tg/a；“–”表示吸收CO₂。数据根据Jiao等^[4]汇总整理。

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表 2 渤海、黄海、东海、南海海水中的DIC、DOC以及POC

Tab. 2 DIC、DOC and POC in China coastal seas

碳	水层	渤海	黄海	东海	南海
DIC/μmol·kg^–1	表层	2 100～2 250	1 859～2 092	1 832～2 023	1 740～2 050
DIC/μmol·kg^–1	底层	2 168～2 784	1 979～2 185	2 000～2 100	2 330～2 370
DOC/mg·L^–1	表层	1.36～4.02	1.04～3.52	0.54～1.88	0.66～1.02
DOC/mg·L^–1	底层	1.04～3.89	0.96～3.38	0.55～1.61	0.46～0.54
POC/mg·L^–1	表层	0.22～0.96	0.06～2.19	0.01～0.36	0.02～0.05
POC/mg·L^–1	底层	0.21～1.57	0.08～9.19	0.01～2.49	～0.01
注：数据根据Jiao等^[4]汇总整理。

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表 3 渤海、黄海、东海、南海沉积物中的有机碳埋藏

Tab. 3 Organic carbon burial in the sediments of marginal sea of China continental shelf

碳埋藏参数	渤海	黄海	东海	南海北部陆架区
埋藏速率 /g·(m²·a)^–1(以C计)	15.3	12.5	14.7	14.1
埋藏通量 /Tg·a^–1(以C计)	2.00	4.75	7.40	4.80
海源有机碳比例/%	64	64	74	—
注：数据根据Jiao等^[4]、Song等^[6]和宋金明等^[7]汇总整理。

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表 4 黄海表层沉积物不同形态氮含量及其在总氮中所占的比例

Tab. 4 Contents of various forms of nitrogen in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and their proportion to the total nitrogen

氮	无机氮	有机氮	总氮
含量/mg·kg^–1	155.2～340.6 (199.8±41.0)	289.3～889.5 (638.7±116.6)	582.2～1 059.5 (838.4±107.6)
比例	14.9%～50.3 %(24.4%±7.3%)	49.7%～85.1 %(75.6%±7.3%)
注：括号内数据为平均值±标准差；数据源于宋金明等^[7]。

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表 5 我国近海大气营养盐干湿沉降通量

Tab. 5 Dry and wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric nutrients in China coastal seas

区域	年份	类型	营养元素通量/mmol·(m^–2·a^–1)
区域	年份	类型	NH₄-N	NO₃-N	DIP	DON	DOP	DSi
胶州湾	2015–2016	干	29.4	29.9	0.099	15.4	0.165	8.48
胶州湾	2015–2016	湿	92.8	54.5	0.274	47.5	0.448	1.73
胶州湾	2009–2010	干	50.6	67.9	0.60	46.6	0.16	0.60
胶州湾	2009–2010	湿	28.3	18.8	0.07			2.65
黄海	2009–2010	干	26.6	35.0	0.24	40.5	0.49	0.32
黄海	2009–2010	湿	37.5	30.6	0.79			2.15
东海	2003–2004	干	6.90	12.4	0.18			0.30
东海	2003–2004	湿	50.4	31.5	0.15	22.9	0.07	2.30
注：数据源于宋金明等^[7]和Xing等^[10]。

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表 6 黑潮输入东海的生源要素通量

Tab. 6 The influxes of biogenic elements from the Kuroshio to the East China Sea

季节	黑潮水层	颗粒态生源要素通量/kmol·s^–1					溶解态无机生源要素通量/kmol·s^–1
季节	黑潮水层	POC	PIN	PON	PIP	POP	DIC	${\rm {NO}}_3^{-} $	${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $	${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $
春季	表层水	2.43	0.033	0.386	0.017	0.015	1527.1	1.044	0.112	1.99
	次表层水	1.29	0.032	0.122	0.010	0.010	1583.7	5.382	0.366	5.36
	中层水	0.25	0.014	0.028	0.004	0.003	587.9	8.124	0.573	18.00
	总计	3.96	0.078	0.536	0.031	0.028	3698.6	14.55	1.051	25.40
秋季	表层水	3.36	0.061	0.527	0.023	0.023	2023.0	0.20	0.029	0.60
	次表层水	0.58	0.019	0.097	0.008	0.006	796.70	1.69	0.118	1.82
	中层水	0.21	0.006	0.019	0.002	0.001	301.30	3.903	0.284	8.66
	总计	4.15	0.086	0.643	0.033	0.030	3121.0	5.793	0.431	11.10
年均		4.06	0.082	0.590	0.032	0.029	3409.8	10.17	0.971	18.25
注：数据根据宋金明等^[12]整理。

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表 7 长江口外海域低氧区最低氧含量和面积的变化

Tab. 7 Change of minimum oxygen content and anoxic areas off the Changjiang Estuary

调查时间	1959年8月	1988年8月	1998年8月	1999年8月	2003年9月	2006年8月	2015年9月
最低氧含量/mg·L^–1	0.34	1.96	1.44	1.0	0.8	0.87	1.92
缺氧区面积/km²	1 600	<300	600	13 700	20 000	15 400	14 800
注：数据来自于宋金明等^[7]和Chi等^[26]。

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