2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析

郝光华; 杨清华; 赵杰臣; 邓宵; 杨勇; 段培法; 张林; 李春花; 崔丽琴

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003

2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.09.003

郝光华^1,,
杨清华^{2, 3, ,},
赵杰臣¹,
邓宵⁴,
杨勇⁵,
段培法⁶,
张林¹,
李春花¹,
崔丽琴⁷

1.
国家海洋环境预报中心国家海洋局海洋灾害预报技术研究重点实验室，北京 100081
2.
中山大学大气科学学院广东省气候变化与自然灾害研究重点实验室，广东珠海 519082
3.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），广东珠海 519082
4.
太原理工大学新型传感器与智能控制教育部/山西省重点实验室，山西太原 030024
5.
安徽省休宁县气象局，安徽黄山 245400
6.
江苏省徐州市气象局，江苏徐州 221002
7.
太原理工大学物理与光电工程学院，山西太原 030024

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2018YFA0605903）；国家自然科学基金（41876212）；极地考察后勤保障。

详细信息

作者简介:
郝光华（1988—），男，山西省长治市人，工程师，主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail：haogh@nmefc.cn

通讯作者:
杨清华，男，教授，主要从事极地海冰和气象研究。E-mail: yangqh25@mail.sysu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P731.15
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-07-26
- 修回日期: 2019-01-07
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-09-25

Observation and analysis of landfast ice arounding Zhongshan Station, Antarctic in 2016

1.
Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, State Oceanic Administration, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
3.
Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
5.
Xiuning Meteorological Service, Huangshan 245400, China
6.
Xuzhou Meteorological Service, Xuzhou 221002, China
7.
College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

摘要

摘要: 极区海冰是全球气候系统的重要组成部分，南极的固定冰普遍存在于其沿海地区，中山站周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚。海冰厚度是海冰的重要参数之一，2016年在南极中山站附近3个站点(S1、S2、S3站点)共布放了4套温度链浮标，包括1套SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标和3套太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标)，SIMBA温度链浮标每天观测4次，TY温度链浮标每小时观测1次。利用浮标观测的温度剖面以及海冰和海水间不同介质温度差异计算得到海冰厚度。在S3站点，同时布放了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工钻孔观测冰厚比较结果显示，S1站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm，S2站点和S3站点分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点的SIMBA温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm。因而S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。进一步对Stefan定律海冰生长模型进行对比，模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1～0.8 cm/d，生长率快于TY温度链浮标的结果，且受积雪影响明显。相比于卫星遥感反演冰厚的误差和观测时段的限制以及有限的人工观测，2种温度链浮标未来对于中山站附近海冰的长期监测均有重要的应用价值。
- 海冰温度链浮标 /
- 固定冰 /
- 厚度 /
- 温度 /
- 南极 /
- 普里兹湾
Abstract: Sea ice is an important part of the global climate system. Landfast ice is commonly found in the Antarctic coastal area, which reached the thickest in the middle and late November around Zhongshan Station. Sea ice thickness is one of the important parameters of the sea ice. We presented measurements by taken 1 SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array) buoy and 3 TY buoys to monitor ice thickness based on the bias of different linear temperature gradient in air, snow, ice and sea water in three different landfast ice stations (S1, S2 and S3) in the Prydz Bay outside Zhongshan Station in 2016. The SIMBA measures vertical temperature profiles 4 times a day and TY measures vertical temperature per hour. Both SIMBA and TY buoys were set up in S3 station. Compared with borehole in situ measurements, the ice thickness derived by TY buoys had a mean bias and RMSE of 3.3 cm and 14.7 cm in S1 Station, 6.6 cm and 6.9 cm in S2 Station and 4.0 cm and 4.8 cm in S3 Station. And the mean bias and RMSE for the SIMBA buoys in S3 Station compared with borehole in situ measurements were 8.2 cm and 9.7 cm. The sea ice thickness derived by TY buoys were more agreement with the borehole in situ measurements compared with the sea ice thickness derives from SIMBA buoys in S3 Station. The result of Stefan’s law of ice growth model shows the sea ice growth process and the ice growth rate varied between 0.1 cm/d to 0.8 cm/d, which is faster than the result of TY buoys and is affected by the snow thickness. While compare with limited borehole in situ sea ice thickness measurements and the great uncertain in the sea ice thickness derived by remote sense data, the error for both the TY and SIMBA buoys are reasonable, which will benefit to the future sea ice thickness monitor near Zhongshan Station.
- sea ice thermistor chain buoys /
- landfast ice /
- thickness /
- temperature /
- Antarctic /
- Prydz Bay

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图 1 中山站固定冰常规站点示意图

Fig. 1 Map of the location of the landfast ice observation site

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图 2 2016年4月22日至11月22日每小时的海表(2 m)气温(a)和风速(b)时间序列

Fig. 2 Time series of hourly sea surface (2 m) air temperature (a) and wind speed (b) over the period between April 22 and November 11 in 2016

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图 3 2016年5月1日S3站点SIMBA温度链浮标观测的温度剖面示例（a），传感器间隔为2.0 cm；TY温度链浮标观测到的温度剖面示例（b），传感器间隔为1.0 cm

横坐标表示传感器观测的温度，纵坐标表示传感器的深度，0表示安装时冰面的位置

Fig. 3 Four times daily measured temperature profiles at S3 Station on May 1, 2016 from SIMBA buoy with 2.0 cm interval (a) and TY buoy with 1.0 cm interval (b)

The X-axis represent the temperature observed by the sensors, the Y-axis represent the depth of the sensors, and the 0 represent the sea initial sea ice surface when setup

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图 4 S1站点人工观测冰厚（黑线）和TY温度链冰厚（红线）比较

Fig. 4 Comparison of ice thickness between borehole in situ (black line) and TY buoy (red line) on S1 Station

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图 5 2016年S1站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面，绿线为海冰/海水界面

Fig. 5 Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S1 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

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图 6 S2站点人工观测冰厚（黑）和TY温度链冰厚（红）比较

Fig. 6 Comparison of ice thickness between borehole in situ (black line) and TY buoy (red line) on S2 Station

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图 7 2016年S2站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面，绿线为海冰/海水界面

Fig. 7 Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S2 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

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图 8 S3站点人工观测冰厚（黑线）和TY温度链冰厚（红线）以及SIMBA温度链冰厚（蓝线）比较

Fig. 8 Comparison of ice thickness by borehole in situ (black line), SIMBA buoy (blue line) and TY buoy (red line) on S3 Station

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图 9 2016年S3站点TY温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面，绿线为海冰/海水界面

Fig. 9 Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the TY buoy observations on S3 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

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图 10 2016年S3站点SIMBA温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰–海洋温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上表面，绿线为海冰/海水界面

Fig. 10 Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice-ocean system from the SIMBA buoy observations on S3 Station in 2016

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively

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图 11 S3站点TY温度链浮标（虚线）与SIMBA温度链浮标（实线）在空气（黑线）、海冰（红线）和海水（蓝线）中测得的温度比较

Fig. 11 Comparison between temperature observations detected by TY buoy (dashed line) and SIMBA buoy (solid line) for air (black line), sea ice (red line) and sea water (blue line)

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图 12 固定冰3个站点人工冰厚（柱状）和逐日温度链浮标冰厚观测结果（线）

黑色为S1站点，绿色为S2站点，红色为S3站点；黑线为S1站点TY温度链浮标冰厚，绿线为S2站点TY温度链浮标冰厚，红实线为S3站 TY温度链浮标冰厚，红点线为SIMBA温度链浮标冰厚

Fig. 12 Observation results of ice thickness by borehole in situ (bar) and TY (SIMBA) buoys (line) on S1, S2 and S3 stations

The black, green, red bars represent S1, S2 and S3 stations, respectively. The green and black lines are ice thickness detected by TY buoys on S2 and S1 stations. The red solid (dotted) line represent the sea ice thickness detected by TY (SIMBA) buoys on S3 Station

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图 13 温度链浮标计算的站点（S1，S2，S3）海冰厚度周平均生长率

Fig. 13 The weekly sea ice thickness growth rate for S1, S2 and S3 stations using the buoy data

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图 14 TY温度链浮标观测的S2和S3站点每小时冰内平均温度

Fig. 14 The hourly averaged temperature observations detected by TY buoy on S2 and S3 stations

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图 15 固定冰2个站点（S2和S3）根据Stefan定律模拟冰厚（点线和虚线）以及TY温度链浮标计算的冰厚（实线）

点线为不考虑积雪厚度，虚线为假定积雪厚度为常数，实线是TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度

Fig. 15 Comparison of ice thickness detected by TY buoys (solid line) and Stefan’s law (dotted line and dashed line) simulated on S2 station (green) and S3 station (red)

The dotted line points to the case excluding the effects of snow cover over the ice surface and the dashed line refers to the one including snow effects. The solid line is the ice thickness detected by TY buoys

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表 1 海冰厚度生长率比较

Tab. 1 The sea ice thickness growth rate

时间	海冰厚度生长率/cm·d⁻¹
	S2			S3
	TY	Stefan	Stefan(有雪)	TY	Stefan	Stefan(有雪)
4月22日至5月31日	0.2	0.7	0.7	0.2	0.7	0.8
6月1日至7月25日	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8
7月26日至8月15日	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
8月16日至10月20日	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
10月21日至11月15日	0.1	0.2	0.2	−0.1	0.2	0.2
11月16日至11月22日	−0.5	0.1	0.1	−0.6	0.1	0.1

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