陆源排污对邻近海域底栖海藻群落的影响

邵魁双; 巩宁; 曲翊; 李珂

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010

陆源排污对邻近海域底栖海藻群落的影响

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.08.010

邵魁双^1,,
巩宁²,
曲翊³,
李珂⁴

1.
国家海洋环境监测中心，辽宁大连 116023
2.
大连海事大学环境系统生物研究所，辽宁大连 116026
3.
大连市环境监测中心，辽宁大连 116023
4.
瑞士万通中国有限公司，北京 100085

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC1402104）；中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（A类）（XDA13020401）；国家自然科学基金（41301560）。

详细信息

作者简介:
邵魁双（1973—），辽宁省凤城市人，副研究员，博士，主要从事海藻生物学研究。E-mail: ksshao@nmemc.org.cn

中图分类号: X55
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-01-21
- 修回日期: 2019-05-09
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-21
- 刊出日期: 2019-08-25

The impact of nutrient inputs from sewage effluents on the adjacent intertidal seaweed communities

1.
National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
2.
Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
3.
Dalian Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
4.
Swiss Wantong China Ltd., Beijing 100085, China

摘要

摘要: 伴随着经济的发展，我国沿海海域富营养化日趋严重。为了明确富营养化对底栖海藻群落的影响及作用机制，本文选择了与大连凌水河口(污水河)毗邻的海藻床作为野外观测点，研究底栖海藻群落对营养盐自然衰减梯度的响应规律；在实验室内，选择了在排污口附近优势分布、营r-生态策略的绿藻缘管浒苔和仅在寡营养区域分布、营k-生态策略的红藻柔质仙菜作为实验材料，开展了营养吸收动力学和生长动力学研究。通过二者在营养盐吸收、利用和繁殖策略方面的比较研究，剖析了底栖海藻群落对不同营养环境的响应机制。结果显示：随着海水中营养盐浓度的降低，底栖海藻群落呈现种类数增加、优势种覆盖度降低的趋势。根据底栖海藻在群落水平对氮源营养的响应，认为现行海水水质标准中无机氮一类水质标准的限值应该由目前的14.29 μmol/L降低为6.69 μmol/L。在富营养环境中，营养盐浓度的上升促进了r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力，使其占据了大量的生态位，形成优势种群，导致底栖海藻多样性较低；在寡营养环境中，由于得不到充足的营养盐供应，r-策略海藻幼体的竞争力和种群繁殖力都受到制约，占据的空间生态位有限，为其他种类的生存提供了条件，而那些对营养盐需求较低但利用效率高的k-策略海藻则表现出更强的竞争力，在竞争中取得优势，能快速突破早期环境筛的限制，形成成体，因此，在寡营养海域，底栖海藻的多样性比较丰富。
- 底栖海藻群落 /
- 陆源排污 /
- 效应浓度 /
- 营养生理 /
- 生态策略
Abstract: Nutrient enrichment, followed by economic development, has already had a significant impact on the costal ecosystem of China. Field investigations on seaweed beds adjacent to Lingshui River in Dalian were conducted in present studies to elucidate the response of the seaweed communities to the sewage effluents along a natural nutrient gradient. Further, the studies were conducted in the laboratory on the uptake and growth kinetics of NO₃^–, NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3– of the clone of Enteromorpha linza, r-strategic green alga dominating in the nutrient-rich estuaries, and Ceramium tenerrimum, k-strategic red alga distributing in the oligotrophic areas. Comparative analyses were carried out on the absorption and utilization of nutrient, and reproduction strategies of the two species to explain the responses of seaweed communities to different nutrient environments. The results show that with the decrease of environmental nutrients, species number of seaweed increases, and the coverage of dominant species decreases. According to the response of seaweed communities to nitrogen nutrient, it is considered that the threshold of category I of inorganic nitrogen in the current seawater quality standard should be revised from the current 14.29 μmol/L to 6.69 μmol/L. In a nutrient-rich area, increasing nutrient concentration promotes the competitiveness and fertility of shoots of r-strategic seaweeds, which makes them occupy a large number of space niches and form dominant populations, resulting in decreasing of the diversity of seaweed communities. However, in the oligotrophic environment, r-strategic algae is limited in the fertility of shoots, occupying only small amount of space niche, while those k-strategic algae with high efficiency in nutrient utilization shows greater competitiveness and could quickly break through early environmental sieves and grow into adults, which contributes to the rich diversity of seaweed communities.
- seaweed communities /
- sewage effluents /
- effect concentrations /
- nutrient physiology /
- ecological strategy

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图 1 调查海域和采样站位

Fig. 1 The study area and location of sampling

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图 2 各区域海藻种类数和优势绿藻覆盖度对不同浓度无机氮的响应

Fig. 2 Response of species number of seaweed and coverage of dominant green algae to different concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen

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图 3 两种海藻硝酸盐吸收动力学曲线

Fig. 3 ${\rm {NO}}_3^- $ uptake kinetic curves of two species seaweeds

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图 4 两种海藻氨吸收动力学曲线

Fig. 4 ${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ uptake kinetic curves of two species seaweeds

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图 5 两种海藻磷吸收动力学曲线

Fig. 5 $ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}$ uptake kinetic curves of two species seaweeds

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图 6 两种海藻氮营养生长动力学曲线

Fig. 6 Growth kinetics curves of two species seaweeds to nitrate and ammonia

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表 1 各区域营养状况及底栖海藻分布情况

Tab. 1 Nutritional status and distribution of seaweeds in various sections

区域		凌水河口海域				旅顺黄金山海域
区域		1#	2#	3#	4#	旅顺黄金山海域
营养状况/μmol·L^–1	$ {\rm {NO}} _3^- $	121.02±24.95	13.03±2.28	10.12±1.51	5.96±0.78	4.24±1.66
	$ {\rm {NO}} _2^- $	54.89±8.87	3.92±1.17	1.62±0.40	0.06±0.02	0.07±0.01
	${\rm {NH}} _4^+ $	66.09±5.85	3.86±0.91	1.99±0.41	0.68±0.16	0.47±0.08
	DIN	242.00±29.94	20.81±6.36	13.74±3.73	6.69±0.88	4.79±1.56
	${\rm {PO}} _4^{3-} $	51.36±14.71	3.56±0.55	3.79±0.81	1.03±0.39	0.48±0.13
	N/P	4.71±1.66	5.85±1.21	3.63±0.30	6.50±1.39	9.98±2.97
海藻分布	种类数/个	2	5	12	27	30
	绿藻覆盖度	66.0%±10.7%	50.6%±4.5%	34.1%±3.9%	22.9%±3.2%	17.3%±2.7%

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表 2 两种海藻对营养盐的吸收动力学参数

Tab. 2 Kinetics parameters for different nutrient uptake by two species

营养源	供试海藻	V_max/μmol·g^–1·h^–1(dw)	K_s/μmol·L^–1	a (V_max/ K_s)	R²	吸收方式
${\rm {NO}}_3^{-} $	缘管浒苔	30.9±0.9^b	3.5±0.5^a	8.9	0.97	主动运输
	柔质仙菜	11.3±0.3^a	6.5±0.9^b	1.7	0.97	主动运输
${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $	缘管浒苔	1.7×S	–	–	0.99	被动扩散
	柔质仙菜	70.5±3.2 ^b	28.0±3.6 ^b	2.5	0.97	主动运输
$ {\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $	缘管浒苔	4.2±0.1^a	0.9±0.2 ^a	4.7	0.96	主动运输
	柔质仙菜	6.5±0.9 ^a	13.7±3.6 ^b	0.5	0.94	主动运输
注：S表示培养基中对应的营养盐浓度；不同字母（a和b）表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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表 3 两种海藻氮营养生长动力学参数

Tab. 3 Kinetics parameters for nitrogen growth of two species

氮源		背景生长率/d^–1	最大净生长率/d^–1	K_μ/μmol·L^–1	R²
硝酸氮	缘管浒苔	3.5%±0.6%^a	10.4%±0.7%^b	20.7±6.5^b	0.99
	柔质仙菜	1.5%±0.1%^a	2.3%±0.1%^a	9.6±1.7^b	0.99
氨氮	缘管浒苔	3.9%±0.4%^a	7%±0.5% ^b	26.2±8.7^b	0.93
	柔质仙菜	1.6%±0.4%^a	2.1%±0.2%^a	17.6±4^b	0.87
注：不同字母（a和b）表示差异显著（P<0.05）。

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表 4 两种海藻的K_μ/K_s

Tab. 4 K_μ/K_s of two species seaweeds

种类	缘管浒苔	柔质仙菜
K_μ/K_s	5.92	1.47

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