南海U形海疆线的生态环境分区特征

刘宇鹏; 唐丹玲; 吴常霞; 葛晨东

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.02.002

南海U形海疆线的生态环境分区特征

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.02.002

1.
中国科学院南海海洋研究所热带海洋环境国家重点实验室, 广东广州 510301;中国科学院南海海洋研究所广东省海洋遥感重点实验室, 广东广州 510301;中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
2.
中国科学院南海海洋研究所热带海洋环境国家重点实验室, 广东广州 510301;中国科学院南海海洋研究所广东省海洋遥感重点实验室, 广东广州 510301;中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;21世纪海上丝绸之路协同创新中心, 广东广州 510420
3.
中国科学院南海海洋研究所热带海洋环境国家重点实验室, 广东广州 510301;达尔豪斯大学, 加拿大哈利法克斯 B3H 4R2
4.
南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室, 江苏南京 210023;南京大学中国南海研究协同创新中心, 江苏南京 210093;南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 江苏南京 210023

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41876136，41430968）；广东国际战略研究院2017年度招标课题重大课题"南海疆界线的科学表征及其海洋环境研究"（17ZDA24）；广东省海洋遥感重点实验室（LORS）2018年度开放基金（2017B030301005）；21世纪海上丝绸之路协同创新中心海洋环境科学重大项目（2015HS05）。

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-04-23
- 修回日期: 2018-08-13

Zoning of the U-boundary in the South China Sea and its ecological environment characteristics

1.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;Collaborative Innovation Center for 21 st-Century Maritime Silk Road Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
4.
Key Laboratory of Coast & Island Development, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

摘要

摘要: 南海U形海疆国界线（简称南海U形线）是我国的南海国界线。该研究分析多源卫星遥感和GIS数据，系统研究南海U形海疆线水域的水深地形和环境生态要素，并重点分析2014年生态要素的季节变化，首次整体展现了南海U形线立体水深分布特征。根据海底地形的平缓、波峰、波谷和递增四大特征，将南海U形线分为东北、西北、东、西和南区5个区间。南海U形线总长大于4 000 km。西北区和南区的水深浅且变化平缓（<1 000 m），西区水深呈波峰分布（平均2 303 m），东区水深由南向北递增（>2 000 m）；东北区水深最深且呈波谷分布（平均3 535 m）。南海U形线的5个区间，西北区与北部湾盆地、西区与越东断裂、南区与曾母盆地、东区与南海海槽、东北区与马尼拉海沟地形构造相吻合。研究发现季风对南海U形线5个区间海洋环境季节性变化有明显影响：西北区和东北区海表温度温差大，呈冬季最低夏季最高，混合层深度冬季最深春季最浅，海表流场和海表盐度季节变化小，但西北区海表叶绿素a浓度冬季爆发，其余季节呈对数分布，而东北区冬季区内中部略有增长；西区、南区和东区海表温度盐度季节变化小，海表风场和混合层深度冬季最强春季最弱，但海表叶绿素a浓度西区季节变化小，南区区内中部冬季增长明显，东区区内南部冬季小幅增长。西北区和南区（浅地形区）呈相似的季节分布。研究阐明了5个区间具有各自明显的区域性海洋环境特征：西北区海表温度和海表叶绿素a浓度的季节变化最大、西区混合层深度季节变化最大、南区海表流场季节变化最大、东区海表盐度季节变化最大、东北区风场变化大但海表叶绿素a浓度季节变化小。研究显示，南海U形线上的台风路径时空分布南北差异大，东西不均。1945—2016年共604个台风跨过南海U形线，年均8个，路径集中在东北、西北、东3个区，112.3°E以东台风537个，112.3°E以西415个。南海U形线东北区的生态环境受台风"风泵效应"影响最大。1991—2000年为台风多发期，跨线台风年均达11个。研究提出的南海U形海疆线5区间分法，具有科学意义和实践指导作用。
- 南海U形海疆线 /
- 地形 /
- 5区间分法 /
- 海洋生态环境 /
- 季节变化 /
- 台风
Abstract: U-boundary of the South China Sea (short name as U-boundary of SCS) is China's sea boundaries. Based on GIS and various remote sensing data, this paper studies the terrain and marine eco-environment of the U-boundary for the first time, mainly analyzing water depth and environmental characteristics, and presenting the three-dimensional characteristics of water depth distribution of the U-boundary. This study divides the U-boundary into five zones:the northeastern zone (NE), northwestern zone (NW), eastern zone (E), western zone (W), and southern zone (S) according to the terrain characteristics. In the NW and S, the terrains are gentle (<1 000 m); the W with the peak distribution is 2 303 m in average. The water depth in the E is over 2 000 m with an increase from south to north. The water depth of the NE is trough and the deepest water reaches 3 535 m. The study shows that the topography of NW, W, S, E and NE of the U-boundary are consistent with the Beibu Gulf Basin, the Vietnam East Fault, the Zengmu Basin, the South China Sea Trough, and Manila Trench respectively. The results show the impact of monsoon on the seasonal variations in the 5 zones of the U-boundary:in the NW and NE of the U-boundary, the sea surface temperature (SST) is the highest in summer, with high variation and the mixed layer depth are deepest in winter and lowest in spring while the seasonal variation of sea surface currents (SSCs) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are small. But in the NW, concentration of chlorophyll a blooms in winter and presents logarithmic distribution in other seasons, while that increase slightly in the middle of the NE in winter. The seasonal variations of SST in the W, S and E are small, while the seasonal variations of the sea surface wind field (SSW) and the mixed layer depth (MLD) are the strongest in winter but the weakest in spring. But the seasonal variation of the sea surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) in the W is small while that in the middle of the S increases significantly in winter, and that in the south of the E increases slightly in winter. Marine factors in NW and S (shallow terrain) show the same seasonal distribution, especially the high Chl a in both NW and S zones in winter. The study also reveals the regional characteristics of the marine environments among 5 zones of the U-boundary. The largest seasonal variations in the SST and Chl a occur in NW zone while the largest seasonal change of the MLD appears in W zone and the largest seasonal change of the SSCs occurs in S zone. And the largest seasonal variation in the SSS is found in the E zone while a large change in the SSCs but a small seasonal variation in the Chl a is found in the NE zone. The temporal and spatial distributions of typhoon on the U-boundary are different from north to south, and its distribution is not uniform. A total of 604 typhoons crossed the U-boundary, with an average of 8 per year from 1945 to 2016. The paths concentrate in the NE, NW and E zones. 537 typhoons crossed the U-boundary within the east of 112.3° E, while 415 typhoons crossed the U-boundary within the west of 112.3° E. The ecological environments of the NE zone are greatly influenced by "Wind Pump Effect" caused by typhoon. 1991 to 2000 is a typhoon-prone period, with an average of 11 typhoons across the U-boundary. In this study, the proposed method of dividing the U-boundary in the SCS into 5 zones based on its topographical features has important scientific and practical significance.
- U-boundary in the South China Sea /
- terrain /
- 5-zones distinction method of U-boundary /
- marine ecological environment /
- seasonal variation /
- typhoon

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