Carbon burial and iron-sulfur interactions in mangrove sediments of the Maowei Sea
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摘要: 红树林生态系统具有很高的碳埋藏效率，在河口地区由于受到河流输入与潮汐等多重因素影响，使其碳的保存过程更为复杂。本文以钦江入海口茅尾海红树林和光滩柱状沉积物为研究对象，运用薄膜扩散梯度技术（DGT）原位在线获取了孔隙水中Fe（Ⅱ）和S（-Ⅱ）浓度分布，并结合有机碳参数（DOC、TOC和δ13C），探讨沉积物中碳埋藏与铁和硫元素的生物地球化学过程及其相互作用关系。结果表明：从高潮滩到中潮滩，沉积物碳储量增加了63.1%；红树林沉积物中存在明显的氧化还原分层现象，氧化区与还原区的过渡带在约5 cm的深度。TOC与Fe（Ⅱ）和S（-Ⅱ）呈现显著正相关，反映更高的TOC埋藏含量促进了铁异化还原（MIR）和硫酸盐还原（MSR），同时生成的S（-Ⅱ）通过化学还原释放Fe（Ⅱ）。但在高TOC高Fe（Ⅱ）和S（-Ⅱ）浓度的中潮滩，MIR与MSR局部竞争尤为强烈，因此中潮滩是研究红树林生态系统碳埋藏的关键区域，潮汐驱动的氧化还原变化对碳铁硫耦合产生了关键调控作用。本研究揭示的红树林沉积物中碳埋藏及其与铁、硫相互作用机制，可为深入理解红树林湿地的碳汇功能及生源要素循环提供重要依据。Abstract: Mangrove ecosystem has a high carbon burial efficiency. In estuarine areas, influenced by multiple factors such as rivers and tides, the process of carbon preservation becomes more complex. This study focuses on sediment cores collected from mangrove and mutflat at the Maowei Sea estuary of Qinjiang River. Using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) technique to obtain in situ concentration distributions of Fe(Ⅱ) and S(-Ⅱ) in the pore water, combined with organic carbon parameters (DOC, TOC and δ13C), we investigate the biogeochemical processes of iron, sulfur and the interaction relationships between carbon burial. The results indicate that the sediment carbon storage increased by 63.1% from the upper tide zone to the middle tide zone. There is an obvious redox stratification phenomenon in mangrove sediments, and transition between the oxidation zone and the reduction zone occurs at a depth of approximately 5 cm. TOC shows a significant positive correlation with Fe(Ⅱ) and S(-Ⅱ), which reflects that higher content of organic carbon burial promotes microbial iron reduction (MIR) and microbial sulfate reduction (MSR). Meanwhile, the generated S(-Ⅱ) chemically reduces and releases Fe(Ⅲ). However, in the middle tide zone with high TOC, Fe(Ⅱ), and S(-Ⅱ) concentrations, the local competition between MIR and MSR is particularly intense. Therefore, the middle tide zone is a critical area for studying carbon burial in mangrove ecosystem, and the redox changes driven by tides play a crucial regulatory role in the coupling of carbon, iron, and sulfur. The mechanisms of carbon burial and its interaction with iron and sulfur in mangrove sediments revealed in this study provide crucial insights for understanding the carbon sequestration function and biogenic element cycling in mangrove wetlands.
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Key words:
- mangrove sediment /
- carbon burial /
- iron and sulfur /
- Maowei Sea
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图 1 茅尾海采样站位图：高潮滩红树林（H），中潮滩红树林（M1和M2），低潮滩光滩（G）
Fig. 1 Location of sampling stations in Maowei Sea: Mangrove of the upper tidal flat(H), Mangrove of the middle tidal flat(M1 and M2), and mutflat of lower tidal flat(G)
图 2 茅尾海沉积物柱样中参数的垂向分布：黏土、粉砂、砂（a）、含水率（b）和容重（c）
Fig. 2 Vertical distribution parameters in sediment columns of Maowei Sea：clay, silt, sand proportion (a), moisture content (b), and bulk density (c).
图 3 茅尾海沉积物TOC、TN、TOC/TN比值和δ13C的垂向分布
Fig. 3 Vertical distribution of TOC, TN, TOC/TN ratio and δ13C in sediments of Maowei Sea
图 4 茅尾海沉积物孔隙水DOC（a），Fe（Ⅱ）（b），S（-Ⅱ）浓度（c）的垂向分布（深度＞0、=0和＜0 cm 分别表示沉积物上覆水，沉积物-水界面和沉积物环境）
Fig. 4 Vertical distribution of DOC concentration(a), Fe (Ⅱ) (b) and S (Ⅱ) concentration (c) in the pore water of Maowei Sea sediments (Depth >0, =0 and <0 cm represent the overlying water layer, the sediment-water interface and the sediment)
图 5 茅尾海沉积物孔隙水中DOC三维荧光参数垂向分布（深度=0 cm为上覆水样品）：荧光组分光谱特征（a）和荧光各组分占比（b）
Fig. 5 Three-Fluorescent spectral characteristics of the pore water DOC of Maowei Sea sediments (Depth=0 cm represents the overlying water layer)： fluorescent components (a) and their proportions (b)
图 6 沉积物及其间隙水中各参数间的相关性分析：H（a）、M1（b）、M2（c）、G（d）以及各氧化还原分区的Fe（Ⅱ）与TOC（e）、S（-Ⅱ）与TOC（f）
Fig. 6 Correlation analysis of parameters at sediment cores： H (a), M1 (b), M2 (c), and G (d), and Fe(Ⅱ) vs TOC (e) and S(-Ⅱ) vs TOC (f) in each redox zone
图 7 沉积物间隙水中Fe(Ⅱ)和S(-Ⅱ)的摩尔比随深度的分布：散点图、紫色直线和面积图分别代表Fe（Ⅱ）/S（-Ⅱ）、（Fe（Ⅱ）/S（-Ⅱ）=2）和ΔFe（Ⅱ）/ΔS（-Ⅱ）变化率
Fig. 7 Vertical distributions of molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ) to S(-Ⅱ) in sediment pore water: The scatter plot, the purple straight line, and the area chart correspond to Fe(Ⅱ)/S(-Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅱ)/S(-Ⅱ)=2 and change rate ratio ΔFe(Ⅱ)/ΔS(-Ⅱ), respectively.
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