Identification of potential fish predators of the crown-of-thorns starfish from Xisha sea area
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摘要: 长棘海星的暴发对我国乃至印度−太平洋海域的珊瑚礁造成了严重的破坏。鱼类捕食者被认为是控制长棘海星种群暴发的重要因素，但我国对于可捕食长棘海星的鱼类的研究尚属空白。通过采集西沙5个长棘海星暴发礁区的珊瑚礁鱼类，利用PCR技术检测了鱼肠道内容物中的长棘海星DNA，并与已报道的长棘海星鱼类捕食者进行了比较分析。结果显示，本次调查共捕获了62尾鱼，共23科36属50种。在4种鱼的肠道内容物中检测到长棘海星DNA，分别是颊吻鼻鱼（Naso lituratus）、网纹宅泥鱼（Dascyllus reticulatus）、三叶唇鱼（Cheilinus trilobatus）和赤鳍裸颊鲷（Lethrinus erythropterus）。其中颊吻鼻鱼、三叶唇鱼和赤鳍裸颊鲷为首次报道的长棘海星潜在捕食者。本研究首次鉴定了我国长棘海星潜在鱼类捕食者种类，为开发长棘海星早期防控技术提供了重要参考。Abstract: The crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS) outbreak has caused severe damage to coral reefs in China and the Indo-Pacific region. Fish predators have been considered as an important factor in controlling the population outbreak, but there is a lack of research on the fish that can prey on crown-of-thorns starfish in China. By collecting coral reef fish from five outbreak areas of crown-of-thorns starfish in the Xisha Islands, CoTS DNA was detectedin the intestinal contents of the reef fish using PCR technology, and which compared with reported CoTS larval predators. The results showed that a total of 62 fish belonging to 23 families, 36 genera and 50 species were captured in this survey. CoTS DNA was detected in the gut contents of four fish species, namely Naso lituratus, Dascyllus reticulatus, Chelilinus trilobatus and Lethrinus erythropterus. Among them, N. lituratus, C. trilobatus and L. erythropterusare reported for the first time as potential predators of CoTS. This study has identified the potential predators of CoTS for the first time in China, providing important references for the development of early prevention and control techniques for crown-of-thorns starfish.
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Key words:
- crown-of-thorns starfish /
- coral reef fish /
- predators /
- intestinal contents /
- PCR detecting technology
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图 1 鱼类样品采集站位和时间
（S1：石屿，2021−09−16 16:00；S2：永乐群岛外礁，2021−09−16 22:00；S3：银屿，2021−09−17 22:00；S4：甘泉岛，2021−09−20 20:00；S5：永兴岛外礁，2022−04−15 20:00和2022−04−20 20:00）
Fig. 1 Collection station and time of fish samples
(S1: Shi Yu, 2021−09−16 16:00; S2: Yongle Islands outer reef, 2021−09−16 22:00; S3: Yin Yu, 2021−09−17 22:00; S4: Ganquan Dao, 2021−09−20 20:00; S5: Yongxing Island outer reef, 2022−04−15 20:00 and 2022−04−20 20:00)
图 2 4种珊瑚礁鱼肠道内容物的CoTS扩增结果
M：
2000 bp marker；C11，C14，C15，C18分别为网纹宅泥鱼、三叶唇鱼、颊吻鼻鱼和赤鳍裸颊鲷的肠道内容物；阴和阳分别为ddH2O和长棘海星幼虫Fig. 2 CoTS amplification results from the gut contents of four coral reef fishes
M:
2000 bp marker; C11, C14, C15, C18: The intestinal contents of Dascyllus reticulatus, Cheilimus trilobatus, Nasolituratus and Lethrinus erythropterus, respectively; Negative and positive: ddH2O and CoTS larvae
图 3 可检测出CoTS的珊瑚礁鱼及其肠道内容物
C11、C14、C15、C18分别为网纹宅泥鱼、三叶唇鱼、颊吻鼻鱼和赤鳍裸颊鲷
Fig. 3 Coral reef fish with detectable CoTS and their gut contents
C11, C14, C15, C18: Dascyllus reticulatus, Cheilimus trilobatus, Naso lituratus and Lethrinus erythropterus, respectively
表 1 中国南海西沙珊瑚礁鱼肠道内容物的长棘海星检测结果
Tab. 1 Detection results of crown-of-thorns starfish in the gut contents of fish from coral reefs in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea
目 科 属 种 采样点 体重/kg 体长/cm 是否检测出长棘海星DNA 刺尾鲷目 Acanthuriformes 刺尾鱼科 Acanthuridae 刺尾鱼属 Acanthurus 纵带刺尾鱼 Acanthurus lineatus S2 0.285 29.5 否 横带刺尾鱼 Acanthurus triostegus S2 0.065 17.5 否 栉齿刺尾鱼属 Ctenochaetus 栉齿刺尾鱼1 Ctenochaetus striatus S1 0.115 20 否 栉齿刺尾鱼2 Ctenochaetus striatus S2 0.135 23.5 否 鼻鱼属 Naso 颊吻鼻鱼 Naso lituratus S2 0.13 21.5 是 单板鼻鱼 Naso thynnoides S4 0.22 28 否 镰鱼科 Zanclidae 镰鱼属 Zanclus 角镰鱼 Zanclus cornutus S2 0.055 13 否 鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes 海鳝科 Muraenidae 裸胸鳝属 Gymnothorax 爪哇裸胸鳝 Gymnothorax javanicus S5_4.20 — — 否 鳚形目 Blenniiformes 鳚科 Blenniidae 乌鳚属 Atrosalarias 乌鳚 Atrosalarias fuscus S1 0.015 10.5 否 日鲈目 Centrarchiformes 䱵科 Cirrhitidae 副䱵属 Paracirrhites 副䱵1 Paracirrhites arcatus S1 0.01 13 否 副䱵2 Paracirrhites arcatus S3 0.02 13 否 蝴蝶鱼目 Chaetodontiformes 蝴蝶鱼科 Chaetodontidae 蝴蝶鱼属 Chaetodon 耳带蝴蝶鱼 Chaetodon auripes S1 0.11 19.5 否 丽蝴蝶鱼 Chaetodon wiebeli S5_4.15 — — 否 金鳞鱼目 Holocentriformes 金鳞鱼科 Holocentridae 锯鳞鱼属 Myripristis 紫红锯鳞鱼 Myripristis violaceus S2 0.15 19 否 棘鳞鱼属 Sargocentron 黑鳍棘鳞鱼 Sargocentron diadema S2 0.02 16 否 尖吻棘鳞鱼 Sargocentron spiniferum S5_4.15 — — 否 隆头鱼目 Labriformes 隆头鱼科 Labridae 唇鱼属 Cheilinus 尖头唇鱼 Cheilinus oxycephalus S1 0.11 21 否 三叶唇鱼 Cheilinus trilobatus S2 0.23 25 是 厚唇鱼属 Hemigymnus 黑鳍厚唇鱼 Hemigymnus melapterus S5_4.15 — — 否 鹦哥鱼科 Scaridae 绿鹦嘴鱼属 Chlorurus 白斑鹦哥鱼 Chlorurus sordidus S5_4.15 — — 否 鹦嘴鱼属 Scarus 黑斑鹦嘴鱼1 Scarus globiceps S2 0.125 22 否 黑斑鹦嘴鱼2 Scarus globiceps S5_4.20 — — 否 绿唇鹦嘴鱼1 Scarus forsteni S5_4.20 — — 否 绿唇鹦嘴鱼2 Scarus forsteni S5_4.20 — — 否 绿唇鹦嘴鱼3 Scarus forsteni S5_4.20 — — 否 笛鲷目 Lutjaniformes 石鲈科 Haemulidae 胡椒鲷属 Plectorhinchus 东方石鲈 Plectorhinchus vittatus S5_4.15 — — 否 笛鲷科 Lutjanidae 叉尾鲷属 Aphareus 叉尾鲷 Aphareus furca S5_4.15 — — 否 笛鲷属 Lutjanus 白斑笛鲷 Lutjanus bohar S2 0.125 24 否 紫红笛鲷 Lutjanus argentimaculatus S5_4.20 — — 否 鲈形目 Perciformes 乌尾鮗科（梅鲷科） Caesionidae 鳞鳍梅鲷属 Pterocaesio 黑带鳞鳍梅鲷1 Pterocaesio tile S3 0.13 24 否 黑带鳞鳍梅鲷2 Pterocaesio tile S4 0.06 21 否 梅鲷属 Caesio 黄尾梅鲷 Caesio cuning S3 0.07 20 否 鮨科 Serranidae 九棘鲈属 Cephalopholis 尾纹九棘鲈1 Cephalopholis urodeta S1 0.045 18.5 否 尾纹九棘鲈2 Cephalopholis urodeta S5_4.15 — — 否 斑点九棘鲈1 Cephalopholis argus S1 0.115 22 否 斑点九棘鲈2 Cephalopholis argus S2 0.205 23.5 否 斑点九棘鲈3 Cephalopholis argus S4 0.225 26 否 石斑鱼属 Epinephelus 蜂巢石斑鱼 Epinephelus merra S2 0.035 16.5 否 蓝子鱼科 Siganidae 蓝子鱼属 Siganus 银色篮子鱼 Siganus argenteus S2 0.04 18 否 斑篮子鱼 Siganus punctatus S5_4.15 — — 否 舵鱼科 Kyphosidae 舵鱼属 Kyphosus 长鳍 Kyphosus cinerascens S2 0.075 20 否 盖刺鱼科 Pomacanthidae 刺尻鱼属 Centropyge 海氏刺尻鱼 Centropyge heraldi S1 0.02 13.6 否 珠点刺尻鱼 Centropyge vrolikii S1 0.015 12.4 否 雀鲷科 Pomacentridae 豆娘鱼属 Abudefduf 五带豆娘鱼 Abudefduf vaigiensis S2 0.115 21.4 否 宅泥鱼属 Dascyllus 网纹宅泥鱼 Dascyllus reticulatus S1 0.01 10.5 是 鲷形目 Spariformes 龙占鱼科（裸颊鲷科） Lethrinidae 齿颌鲷属 Gnathodentex 金带齿颌鲷1 Gnathodentex aureolineatus S2 0.105 23.5 否 金带齿颌鲷2 Gnathodentex aureolineatus S4 0.135 23 否 裸颊鲷属 Lethrinus 赤鳍裸颊鲷 Lethrinus erythropterus S2 0.215 27 是 尖吻裸頰鯛 Lethrinus olivaceus S5_4.20 — — 否 单列齿鲷属 Monotaxis 单列齿鲷 Monotaxis grandoculis S5_4.20 — — 否 海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes 须鲷科（羊鱼科） Mullidae 拟羊鱼属 Mulloidichthys 无斑拟羊鱼1 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis S2 0.09 21 否 无斑拟羊鱼2 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis S4 0.145 26 否 黄线拟羊鱼 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus S2 0.04 18.5 否 副绯鲤属 Parupeneus 条斑副绯鲤1 Parupeneus barberinus S2 0.165 26.5 否 条斑副绯鲤2 Parupeneus barberinus S5_4.15 — — 否 多带副绯鲤 Parupeneus multifasciatus S4 0.105 23 否 黑斑副绯鲤 Parupeneus pleurostigma S4 0.07 11 否 鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes 单棘鲀科 Monacanthidae 刺鼻单棘鲀属 Cantherhines 细斑前孔魨 Cantherhines pardalis S1 0.05 16.5 否 前角单棘鲀属 Pervagor 黑头前角魨 Pervagor melanocephalus S1 0.015 11 否 鳞鲀科 Balistidae 角鳞鲀属 Melichthys 黑边角鳞鲀 Melichthys vidua S1 0.24 24 否 二齿鲀科（刺鲀科） Diodontidae 刺鲀属 Diodon 密斑刺鲀 Diodon hystrix S5_4.15 — — 否 鰧形目 Uranoscopiformes 虎鱚科（肥足鰧科） Pinguipedidae 拟鲈属 Parapercis 尾斑拟鲈 Parapercis hexophthalma S2 0.04 21.5 否 注：中文种名后的1、2、3表示同一种鱼的不同来源；S5_4.15表示样本采集于2022年4月15日的S5站位，S5_4.20表示样本采集于2022年4月20日的S5站位；“—”表示数据缺失。 
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表 2 四种珊瑚礁鱼肠道内容物的DNA浓度及其CoTS扩增序列的BLAST比对结果
Tab. 2 DNA concentration in the gut contents of four reef fish species and BLAST comparison results of their CoTS amplified sequences
鱼的信息 鱼的肠道内容物CoTS检测 样品名称 物种鉴定结果 肠道内容物的
DNA浓度/(ng·µL−1)最高相似度 BLAST相似度
最高的序列号相似物种 C11 网纹宅泥鱼
（Dascyllus reticulatus）143.2 99.66% LC596401.1 Acanthaster planci Australia_GBR mitochondrial DNA C14 三叶唇鱼
（Cheilimus trilobatus）43.8 99.66% LC596401.1 Acanthaster planci Australia_GBR mitochondrial DNA C15 颊吻鼻鱼
（Naso lituratus）312.1 99.66% LC596401.1 Acanthaster planci Australia_GBR mitochondrial DNA C18 赤鳍裸颊鲷
（Lethrinus erythropterus）428 100% LC566227.1 Acanthaster planci Miyazaki03 mitochondrial DNA
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A1 文献报道的可捕食长棘海星的珊瑚礁鱼
A1 Reef fishes reported in the literature to prey on CoTS
目 科 属 种 精子 卵子 幼虫 幼体 受伤幼体 濒死或死亡幼体 健康成体 受伤成体 濒死或死亡成体 参考文献 钩头鱼目 Kurtiformes 天竺鲷科 Apogonidae 天竺鲷属Apogon 萨摩亚天竺鲷Nectamia savayensis FDNA FDNA [49] 鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes 鳞鲀科 Balistidae 钩鳞鲀Balistapus 钩鳞鲀Balistapus undulatus FDNA F F [24,50] 褐拟鳞鲀Balistoides viridescens F/L L L F/L L L [50–55] 副鳞鲀属Pseudobalistes 黄边副鳞鲀Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus F/L F/FG/L [51–53,56] 锉鳞鲀属Rhinecanthus 叉斑锉鳞鲀Rhinecanthus aculeatus L L [54] 多棘鳞鲀属Sufflamen 真多棘鳞鲀Sufflamen verres F F F F [57] 四齿鲀科 Tetraodontidae 叉鼻鲀属Arothron 纹腹叉鼻鲀Arothron hispidus F/L F F/L F/L F/L F/L [50–55, 57–59] 菲律宾叉鼻鲀Arothron manilensis F F/L F F/L [50, 57] 白点叉鼻鲀Arothron meleagris F F F F [57] 黑斑叉鼻鲀Arothron nigropunctatus F F [60] 星斑叉鼻鲀Arothron stellatus F F [61] 二齿鲀科 Diodontidae 刺鲀属Diodon 密斑刺鲀Diodon hystrix FG [51] 蝴蝶鱼目 Chaetodontiformes 蝴蝶鱼科 Chaetodontidae 蝴蝶鱼属Chaetodon 金带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon aureofasciatus F F [50, 58] 扬旛蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon auriga L F/L L F/L [50, 53, 58, 60] 耳带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon auripes F F [61] 曲纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon baronessa F F [58] 本氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon citrinellus F F F F [57–58] 克氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon kleinii F F [58] 纹身蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon lineolatus F F [58] 蓝斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon plebeius F F [50] 雷氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon rafflesi F F [50] 林氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon rainfordi F F [50, 58] 乌利蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ulietensis F F [58] 飘浮蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon vagabundus F/L F/L [50, 54, 58] 虾虎鱼目 Gobiiformes 虾虎鱼科 Gobiidae 丝虾虎鱼属Cryptocentrus 丝虾虎鱼属Cryptocentrus sp. F F [60] 笛鲷目 Lutjaniformes 石鲈科 Haemulidae 少棘胡椒鲷属Diagramma 大唇少棘胡椒鲷Diagramma pictum labiosum FDNA [24] 笛鲷科 Lutjanidae 笛鲷属Lutjanus 白斑笛鲷Lutjanus bohar F F [58] 驼背笛鲷Lutjanus gibbus F F [58] 金鳞鱼目 Holocentriformes 金鳞鱼科 Holocentridae 锯鳞鱼属Myripristis 伯特氏锯鳞鱼Myripristis berndti FDNA FDNA [49] 棘鳞鱼属Sargocentron 长棘鳞鱼Sargocentron microstoma FDNA [49] 隆头鱼目 Labriformes 鹦哥鱼科 Scaridae 鹦嘴鱼属Scarus 青点鹦嘴鱼Scarus ghobban F F [58] 隆头鱼科 Labridae 海猪鱼属Halichoeres 黑尾海猪鱼Halichoeres melanurus F/L F/L [54,46] 尖唇鱼属Oxycheilinus 双线尖唇鱼Cheilinus diagrammus F F [60] 唇鱼属Cheilinus 绿尾唇鱼Cheilinus chlorourus FDNA [24] 横带唇鱼Cheilinus fasciatus F F [60] 曲纹唇鱼Cheilinus undulatus FG F/FG [51–52, 62–64] 盔鱼属Coris 尾斑盔鱼Coris caudimacula F F [50] 锦鱼属Thalassoma 哈氏锦鱼Thalassoma hardwicke F [60] 鞍斑锦鱼Thalassoma hardwicki F F [60] 詹氏锦鱼Thalassoma jansenii F F [50] 蓝首锦鱼Thalassoma lucasanum F F F/L F [53, 57] 新月锦鱼Thalassoma lunare F/L F/L [50, 54, 58] 黑横带锦鱼Thalassoma nigrofasciatum F [50] 鲷形目 Spariformes 龙占鱼科 Lethrinidae 裸顶鲷属Gymnocranius 蓝线裸顶鲷Gymnocranius grandoculis FDNA [24] 裸颊鲷属Lethrinus 阿氏龙占鱼Lethrinus atkinsoni F F F/L [50, 58, 65] 纹鳍裸颊鲷Lethrinus laticaudus F F [58] 扁裸颊鲷Lethrinus lentjan FDNA [24] 长吻裸颊鲷Lethrinus miniatus FG F F [51, 58, 63, 65] 星斑裸颊鲷Lethrinus nebulosus FG F F/FG F [50–51, 58, 63, 65] 短吻裸颊鲷Lethrinus ornatus FDNA [24] 单列齿鲷属Monotaxis 单列齿鲷Monotaxis grandoculis FM [65] 海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes 副绯鲤属 Mullidae 副绯鲤属Parupeneus 多带副绯鲤Parupeneus multifasciatus F F [50] 鲈形目 Perciformes 金线鱼科 Nemipteridae 眶棘鲈属Scolopsis 双线眶棘鲈Scolopsis bilineatus F F [50, 58] 鮨科 Serranidae 石斑鱼属Epinephelus 鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceolatus F/FG [66–67] 雀鲷科 Pomacentridae 豆娘鱼属Abudefduf 六线豆娘鱼 Abudefduf sexfasciatus F F/L [15, 36, 38] 棘光鳃鲷属Acanthochromis 多刺棘光鳃鲷Acanthochromis polyacanthus L F/L F/L [36, 38, 54, 58] 凹牙豆娘鱼属Amblyglyphidodon 库拉索凹牙豆娘鱼Amblyglyphidodon curacao F F/L F F [19, 36–38, 54] 光鳃鱼属Chromis 月腋光鳃鱼Chromis atripectoralis L [36–38] 蓝光鳃鱼Chromis caerulea L F [53, 60] 双色光鳃鱼Chromis dimidiata L [68] 双斑光鳃鱼Chromis margaritifer L [68] 蓝绿光鳃鱼Chromis viridis L L F/L L F/L [36–38, 53, 60] 金翅雀鲷属Chrysiptera 蓝刻齿雀鲷Chrysiptera cyanea L [49] 罗氏金翅雀鲷Chrysiptera rollandi L [36–37] 宅泥鱼属 Dascyllus 宅泥鱼Dascyllus aruanus L [36–37] 网纹宅泥鱼Dascyllus reticulatus L [36–38] 盘雀鲷属Dischistodus 黑斑盘雀鲷Dischistodus melanotus F F [58] 刺蝶鱼属Holacanthus 雀点刺蝶鱼Holacanthus passer F F F F/L F [57] 新箭齿雀鲷属Neoglyphidodon 黑新箭雀鲷Neoglyphidodon melas F F [50, 58] 闪光新箭雀鲷Neoglyphidodon oxyodon F F [50] 新雀鲷属Neopomacentrus 奇新雀鲷 Neopomacentrus azysron L [36, 38] Plectroglyphidodon 迪克氏固曲齿鲷Pletroglyphidodon dickii F F [58] 刺盖鱼属Pomacanthus 半环刺盖鱼Pomacanthus semicirculatus F F [60] 六带刺盖鱼Pomacanthus sexstriatus F F [51, 58,60] 雀鲷属Pomacentrus 安邦雀鲷Pomacentrus amboinensis L [36–38] 金尾雀鲷Pomacentrus chrysurus F F [50] 霓虹雀鲷Pomacentrus coelestis FDNA [24] 黄雀鲷Pomacentrus moluccensis L L F/L L F/L [28–36, 50, 53, 60] 澳氏雀鲷Pomacentrus wardi F F [50] 眶锯雀鲷属Stegastes 墨西哥眶锯崔鲷Stegastes acapulcoensis F F F F [57] 黑眶锯雀鲷Stegastes nigricans F F [50] 注：F和L分别表示野外观察和实验室观察。DNA：在鱼类肠道内容物中检测到的长棘海星DNA；G：鱼类肠道内容物中已确认存在长棘海星遗骸；M：仅有长棘海星被咬住。
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