The upwelling phenomena revealed by the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea and their formation mechanisms
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摘要: 南海夏季盛行西南季风，琼东、雷州半岛东部及粤东沿岸海域季节性上升流经常发生，且受到广泛的关注。本文在处理了南海北部的历史水文调查资料时发现，除了直达海面的上升流频发区域外，还存在次表层上升流分布形态：强西南季风下，贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸的次表层上升流；粤西陆架大区域次表层上升流；珠江口外冲淡水驱动的上升流；粤东海湾陆架底层水入侵及湾内气旋环流。这些分布形态在已有文献中未见报道，或关注不多。除了夏季强西南季风的Ekman输送、风应力旋度产生的Ekman泵吸，南海海盆尺度环流的底边界层Ekman效应可能是次表层贯穿上升流不能忽略的驱动机制。上升流同期的大气环流形态表明，南海北部正风应力旋度Ekman泵吸似乎是粤西陆架次表层上升流的主要驱动机制。正风应力旋度与珠江冲淡水联合驱动了粤西陆架气旋型环流。气旋型环流的辐散利于粤西陆架次表层上升流的形成与维持。在粤东海湾，西南季风驱动的湾内垂向环流，及水平气旋型环流是陆架底层水入侵海湾的主要驱动机制。大亚湾内核电温排水热力羽流利于湾内气旋环流的加强。海湾岬角利于红海湾气旋环流的形成。除了Ekman效应，上升流形成机制还需关注更多的动力因素。Abstract: It prevails southwesterly monsoon in summer in the northern South China Sea. Consequently, the seasonal coastal upwellings are frequently driven up in summer off the southeastern coast of the Hainan Island, the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula and the eastern coast of Guangdong Province, and these upwellings have attracted common research attention. The present paper revisits the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea. It is found that, besides the coastal upwellings frequently reaching the sea surface in the above-mentioned zones, there are more subsurface upwelling patterns in the northern South China Sea: namely, (1) the subsurface upwelling throughout the eastern coastal zones of Hainan Province and all the western and eastern coastal zones of Guangdong Province under strong overlying southwesterly monsoon; (2) the subsurface one over the wide continental shelf off the western coast of Guangdong Province; (3) the subsurface one driven by the diluted Pearl River runoff off the river mouth; and (4) the bottom continental water invasion into the bays of eastern Guangdong Province and the cyclonic eddies in the bays. These four upwelling patterns have not been reported in the existing research papers, or little attention has been paid to them. Besides the Ekman’s transport due to strong summer southwesterly monsoon and Ekman’s pumping due to overlying wind stress curl, the bottom Ekman’s effect due to the basin-scale South China Sea circulation is possibly the non-negligible driving mechanism for the subsurface upwelling throughout all the coastal zones. In the light of the simultaneous atmospheric circulation over the northern South China Sea, Ekman’s pumping due to positive wind stress curl seems to be the major driving force for the subsurface upwelling over the continental shelf off western Guangdong coast. The positive wind stress curl as well as the diluted Pearl River runoff drives a cyclonic circulation off western Guangdong coast. The seawater divengence in the cyclonic circulation is favorable to the formation and maintenance of the subsurface upwelling. The vertical circulations driven by southwesterly monsoon and horizontal cyclonic ones in the coastal bays of eastern Guangdong Province are the major driving forces for the bottom continental water intruding into the bays. In the Daya Bay, the thermal plume due to the unclear power plants is favorable to strengthen the horizontal cyclonic circulations. The western and eastern capes of the Honghai Bay are favorable to the formation of horizontal cyclonic circulations in the bay. So we need attach more importance to the other driving mechanisms of the upwelling but to surface Ekman’s effect in the northern South China Sea.
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图 1 水文调查站位分布
a. 南海北部1978−1988年水文调查，b. 粤东海湾水文调查
Fig. 1 Distribution of historic survey stations
a. For the hydrologic surveys in the northern South China Sea from 1978 to 1988, b. for ones in eastern coastal bays of Guangdong
图 2 1978−1988年南海北部夏季（6−8月）平均水温及盐度
Fig. 2 Distributions of the averaged summer (June to August) sea temperature and salinity of 1978−1988 in the northern South China Sea
图 3 夏季水温及盐度标准差
Fig. 3 Distributions of the standard deviation of summer sea temperature (℃) and salinity
图 9 2007年夏半年（5−9月）大鹏湾断面海水中温度和盐度分布
右图中黑实线为34盐度等值线
Fig. 9 Distributions of sea water temperature and salinity along the central section in the Dapeng Bay from May to September in 2007
The black solid lines in the right panels are contours of salinity 34
图 10 2006年7月大亚湾温盐分布
图中箭头示意水体输送方向
Fig. 10 Distributions of the sea water temperature and salinity in August 2006 in the Daya Bay
The arrows show the water transport direction
图 11 2006年8月红海湾温盐分布
Fig. 11 Distributions of the sea water temperature and salinity in August 2006 in the Honghai Bay
图 12 南海北部典型月份风场及风应力旋度
Fig. 12 Monthly averaged wind fields in some years in the northern South China Sea, in which the curls of wind stress are shown in colors
图 13 1978年南海北部112°E断面夏季温盐分布
Fig. 13 Distributions of sea water temperature and salinity along the section of 112°E in summer 1978 in the northern South China Sea
表 1 南海北部夏季断面调查航次日期
Tab. 1 The date of summer sectional survey cruises in the northern South China Sea
1978年 1979年 1980年 1981年 1982年 1983年 1984年 1985年 1986年 1987年 1988年 6月 13−16日 15−22日 10−19日 16−20日 5−10日 11−24日 11−15日 7−12日 6−16日 20−29日 12−17日 7月 14−17日 14−19日 15−30日 15−27日 8月 10−13日 19−23日 10−16日 14−16日 19−24日 10−16日 7−12日 7−12日 6−13日 15−20日 19−24日 
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