Effects of plankton productivity/community structure on BP/MCP carbon storage and their interdecadal variations in a typical Antarctic waters
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摘要: 利用南极半岛（D1-7）和南奥克尼群岛附近海域（D5-6）海洋沉积物有机质的分子生物标志物中所隐含的生态学关系，将重建的浮游生物生产力和种群结构变化与生物泵（BP）/微型生物碳泵（MCP）以及海洋碳汇和储碳效率联系起来研究。柱样沉积物中的一系列分子生物标志物在近百年里发生显著变化，上层海洋浮游生物生产力/群落结构与沉积碳库储量存在较大的时空演变，实际上均与全球气候变化相联系。研究结果如下：（1）从生物标志化合物正构烷烃分子组合特征和色谱图峰型、主峰碳（MH）、轻烃/重烃（L/H）、菌藻类-（nC15 + nC17 + nC19）、大型浮游植物-（nC21 + nC23 + nC25）和碳优势指数-（CPI）来看，沉积碳源主要是海源生物碳，海洋生物是固碳与储碳的天然碳汇。（2）D5-6柱样的有机质高富集，主要受海洋上层水体较高初级生产力、高沉积速率（平均为0.19 cm/a）、水深较浅（385 m）和还原性沉积环境（Pr/Ph值平均为0.95）这些均有利于颗粒有机碳（POC）通过BP过程从海洋表面输送到深海，快速埋藏和储存；而D1-7柱样因水深大（1 100 m）和沉积速率低（0.07 cm/a），含碳化合物沉降过程中发生降解，又被环境氧化降解（Pr/Ph值平均为1.22），二者均不利于沉积物储碳，但相比之下控制沉积物碳保存重要的因素可能是沉积速率。（3）近百年来南极半岛附近海域和南奥克尼群岛浮游动物总量、浮游植物初级生产力、硅藻和甲藻生物量趋于上升，而颗石藻生物量和所占比例呈减少趋势（南极半岛附近海域更明显），说明钙质生物泵作用在逐年下降，而硅藻主导的硅质泵作用在不断加强，这两个过程的相对强度在很大程度上决定了由生物泵结构（硅质泵/钙质泵）和效率、及其向海洋沉积物输送有机碳和无机碳的比例大小。（4）2个柱样的分子生物标志物变化趋势在整体上具有一定的可比性，均有明显的阶段性，在年代际突变后（1972年），受到显著影响的是南奥克尼群岛海域浮游动物总量从（5～6 cm）1982年开始发生明显增加，特别在1997年和2012年期间浮游动物总量开始剧增，意味着在全球变暖背景下浮游生物群落结构发生快速变化，浮游植物初级生产的降低和浮游动物总量的剧增，二者变异使得生物泵强度（增强/削弱）变化存在很大的不确定性。（5）相比之下，近百年来南极半岛附近海域浮游植物生产力/硅藻甲藻生物量逐渐提高，而微生物生产力/古菌生物量逐渐降低，意味着微生物固碳强度减弱，即MCP储碳效率在降低,揭示了全球变暖对海域浮游生物生产力/生物量的增减起到关键作用，而浮游生物群落生物量和组成特征直接影响南极海洋BP中上层水体有机碳的流动和MCP水柱固碳效率的强弱，作为全球海洋最大碳汇的南极，其储碳能力可能正在降低。
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关键词:
- 南极半岛和南奥克尼群岛 /
- 浮游生物生产力/群落结构 /
- 生物泵和微型生物碳泵 /
- 分子生物标志物 /
- 微生物细胞膜GDGTs /
- 年代际变率
Abstract: Utilizing the molecular biomarkers of organic matter in marine sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula (D1-7) and adjacent waters of the South Orkney Islands (D5-6), the ecological relationships implicit in the reconstructed variations of planktonic productivity and population structure are examined in relation to the Biological Pump (BP)/Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP), as well as the efficiency of marine carbon sinks and storage. Over the past century, a series of molecular biomarkers in sediment cores has exhibited significant changes, reflecting substantial spatiotemporal evolution in upper ocean planktonic productivity/community structure and sedimentary carbon reservoirs. These changes are indeed linked to global climate variability. The research findings are as follows: (1) Based on the characteristics of molecular composition and chromatographic peak patterns of biomarker compounds, as well as parameters such as Main Peak Carbon (MH), Light Hydrocarbons/Heavy Hydrocarbons (L/H), Bacterial-Algal Ratio (nC15 + nC17 + nC19), Large Phytoplankton Ratio (nC21 + nC23 + nC25), and carbon preference index (CPI), it is evident that the primary source of sedimentary carbon is marine-derived organic carbon. Marine organisms serve as natural carbon sinks for carbon fixation and storage. (2) The sediments from the D5-6 region exhibit high organic matter enrichment, primarily influenced by factors such as higher surface water productivity, higher sedimentation rates (average of 0.19 cm/a), shallower water depths (385 m), and a reducing sedimentary environment (average Pr/Ph value of 0.95). These conditions favor the transport of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) from the ocean surface to the deep sea via the Biological Pump (BP) process, facilitating rapid burial and storage. In contrast, sediments from the D1-7 region, characterized by greater water depths (1 100 m) and lower sedimentation rates (0.07 cm/a, experience degradation of carbonaceous compounds during sedimentation processes and subsequent oxidative degradation in an oxic environment (average Pr/Ph value of 1.22). Both processes are unfavorable for carbon sequestration in sediments. However, the control factor determining carbon preservation in sediments may predominantly be sedimentation rate. (3) Over the past century, the total abundance of zooplankton, primary productivity of phytoplankton, and biomass of diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Orkney Islands have shown an increasing trend, while the biomass and proportion of coccolithophores have decreased (particularly evident near the Antarctic Peninsula). This indicates a declining trend in the effectiveness of the calcium carbonate pump while the silica pump dominated by diatoms is strengthening. The relative strengths of these two processes largely determine the structure and efficiency of the biological pump, as well as the proportion of organic and inorganic carbon transported to marine sediments. (4) The trends in molecular biomarker variations in the two sediment cores show certain comparability overall, with distinct stages. Following interdecadal shifts (since 1972), the waters near the South Orkney Islands experienced a significant increase in zooplankton abundance from a depth of 5-6 cm beginning in 1982. Particularly, during the periods of 1997 and 2012, zooplankton abundance witnessed a dramatic increase, indicating rapid changes in planktonic community structure under the backdrop of global warming. Variations in both decreased primary productivity of phytoplankton and increased zooplankton abundance contribute to significant uncertainties in the changes in the strength of the biological pump (enhancement/weakening). (5) In contrast, over the past century, the productivity of phytoplankton/diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula has gradually increased, while microbial productivity/ancient archaeal biomass has decreased. This suggests a weakening of microbial carbon sequestration intensity, indicating a decrease in the efficiency of the microbial carbon pump (MCP). This underscores the crucial role of global warming in the fluctuations of phytoplankton productivity/biomass in marine waters. The biomass and composition characteristics of planktonic communities directly affect the transport of organic carbon in the upper water column and the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the MCP. As the largest carbon sink in the global ocean, the carbon sequestration capacity of the Antarctic may be diminishing. -
图 2 D1-7（a）和D5-6（b）柱样正构烷烃总量及其地球化学参数垂向变化
Fig. 2 The total amount of n-alkanes and vertical changes in geochemical parameters of column samples D1-7 (a) and D5-6 (b)
图 3 D1-7（a）和D5-6（b）柱样沉积物中甾醇含量变化特征及其比值垂向变化
Fig. 3 Change characteristics of sterol content and vertical changes of its ratio in sediments from pillars D1-7 (a) and D5-6 (b)
图 4 D1-7（a）和D5-6（b）柱样沉积物中GDGTs各组分含量垂向变化
Fig. 4 Vertical changes in the content of each component of GDGTs in the sediments of D1-7 (a) and D5-6 (b) columns
图 5 D1-7（a）与D5-6（b）岩芯210Pb与210Pbex（Bq/kg）分布模式
Fig. 5 Distribution pattern diagram of 210Pb and 210Pbex (Bq/kg) in D1-7 (a) and D5-6 (b) cores
图 6 D1-7和D5-6柱样TOC、正构烷烃总量、3种藻类甾醇总量、微生物GDGTs总量与氧化/还原关系
Fig. 6 Relationship between TOC content, total n-alkanes, total amount of three algal sterols, microbial GDGTs content and oxidation/reduction in D1-7 and D5-6 column samples
图 7 南极半岛附近海域和南奥克尼附近海域沉积柱重建的海洋浮游生物生产力/群落结构对全球变暖及其年代际响应
图最后的全球温度变化数据来自http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/；太阳黑子活动数据来自http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/greenwch/
Fig. 7 Marine plankton productivity/community structure reconstructed from sediment columns in the sea near the Antarctic Peninsula and the sea near South Orkney to global warming and its interdecadal response
The global temperature change data at the end of the figure comes from http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v3/; the sunspot activity data comes from http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/greenwch/
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