Spatial and temporal variations of sediment flux entering into the South China Sea from 2001 to 2020
-
摘要: 在人类活动和快速气候变化的影响下，南海周边河流入海沉积物通量发生巨大变化。本文基于2001−2020年间南海周边河流数据及海表悬浮沉积物浓度数据，探究南海周边河流入海沉积物通量的时空变化特征。研究结果表明：2001−2020年南海周边河流入海沉积物通量超过345 Mt/a，人类活动导致珠江、红河、湄公河入海沉积物通量减少约300 Mt/a。南海周边河流入海沉积物通量还受台风和气候变化的影响：台风是影响南海周边河流入海沉积物通量的重要因素，尤其是台风期间台湾地区的高屏溪入海沉积物通量可达全年总量的89%。在东亚季风系统影响下，南海周边河流入海沉积物通量表现出雨季高、旱季低的变化特征，雨季期间入海沉积物通量占全年总量的80%以上，相应地，河流表层羽流在雨季具有浓度高和扩散范围大的典型特征。受厄尔尼诺−南方涛动的影响，南海周边河流流量和入海沉积物通量也存在不同周期变化，南海周边大型河流入海沉积物通量表现出2.5～3.0 a的变化周期，并与NIÑO3.4指数存在相关性。本文利用20 年的河流数据系统论证了台风、气候变化和大坝建设对21世纪以来南海周边河流入海沉积物通量的影响，在源汇过程研究及流域治理方面具有重要意义。Abstract: Under the influence of human activities and rapid climate change, the fluvial sediments flux entering into the South China Sea (SCS) has changed greatly. Based on the hydrological data of rivers around the SCS and sea surface Suspended Sediment Concentration data from 2001 to 2020, this study investigated spatial and temporal variation of sediment flux entering into the SCS. The results show that the sediment flux entering into the SCS exceeds 345 Mt/a during 2001−2020. Human activities result in a reduction of 300 Mt/a in sediment flux from the Zhujiang River, Red River and Mekong River. The sediment flux is also affected by typhoons and climate change: typhoons are the most important factor affecting the sediment flux of small rivers, and the sediment flux of the Gaoping River during the typhoon can reach 89% of total. Under the influence of the East Asian monsoon system, the sediment flux entering into the SCS characterized by significant seasonal variations, the sediment flux is high in wet season and low in dry season. During the wet season, the sediment flux entering into the SCS accounted for more than 80% of total, accordingly, the river plume has the typical characteristics of high concentration and large diffusion range in the wet season. Under the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the discharge and sediment flux into the sea around the South China Sea also have different periodic changes. The river discharge and sediment flux of large rivers around the South China Sea show a 2.5−3.0 a period, and are correlated with the NIÑO3.4 index, while the sediment flux Taiwan rivers has no obvious period on the interannual scale. Based on data of the 20 a, this study systematically demonstrates the influences of extreme weather, climate change and dam construction on the sediment flux entering into SCS since the 21st century, which is of great significance in the study of source-to-sink processes and watershed management.
-
Key words:
- South China Sea /
- fluvial sediment flux into the sea /
- dam construction /
- climate change
-
图 1 南海周边主要河流系统及其入海沉积物通量（单位：Mt/a）（a）和本文统计结果与Liu等[8]历史沉积物通量差值（单位：Mt/a）（b）
a. 红色数字为本文统计的各区域河流编号，黑色数字为本文计算的南海各区域河流入海沉积物通量，括号内紫色数字为Liu等[8]提出的河流入海沉积物通量；b.2001−2020年南海周边河流入海沉积物通量平均下降量，红白色圆点为大坝位置（
2087 个，截至2020年），Liu等[8]提出的加里曼丹岛和苏门答腊岛河流沉积物通量数值为模型得出，未统计其下降量Fig. 1 Fluvial drainage systems and their annual sediment flux entering into the SCS (Unit: Mt/a) (a) and reduced sediment flux results of this paper compared to Liu et al.[8] (Unit: Mt/a) (b)
a.The red numbers are the riversinvestigated in this study. The black arrows withn umbers are the sediment flux calculated in this study. The purple numbers in the bracket are the sediment flux proposed by Liu et al.[8]； b. Decrease of sediment flux entering into the SCS from 2001 to 2020. The red and white circles show the location of dams (2087 dams, by 2020). The sediment flux of Kalimantan and Sumatra proposed by Liu et al.[8] are modal data and the decrease of these two regions is not calculated
图 4 2001−2020年影响南海地台风相对强度
Fig. 4 The relative intensity of typhoon impacts in the SCS during 2001−2020
图 5 台湾西南地区浊水溪、高屏溪和该区域其他河流入海沉积物通量
Fig. 5 Proportion of sediment flux of Zhuoshui River, Gaoping River and other rivers in southwest Taiwan
图 6 2001−2020年高屏溪里岭大桥测站处日平均气压（a），降水量（b），流量和入海沉积物通量（c）时间序列
绿色虚线代表台风，粉色虚线代表浊流
Fig. 6 Time series for daily average pressure (a), precipitation (b), discharge and sediment flux (c) at Liling-Bridge Station for Gaoping River from 2001 to 2020
Green dashed lines indicate the typhoons and pink dashed lines indicate turbidity currents
图 7 高屏溪日平均流量（a）和入海沉积物通量（b）小波功率谱
Fig. 7 The wavelet power spectra of the daily average discharge (a) and sediment flux (b) of Gaoping River
图 9 2015年台风“苏迪罗”前后高屏溪−里岭大桥站日平均气压（a）、降水（b）、流量和入海沉积物通量（c）序列
Fig. 9 Time series of daily average pressure (a), precipitation (b), discharge and sediment flux (c) at Liling-Bridge Station for Gaoping River before and after Typhoon “Soudelor” in 2015
图 10 台风影响前(a)，活动期(b)，影响期(c)和台风后(d)的海表悬浮物浓度
黑色实线为台风“苏迪罗”路径
Fig. 10 Variations of Sea surface SSC during the pre-typhoon period (a), typhoon-active period (b), typhoon-influence period (c) and post-typhoon period (d)
The black dotted lines show the track of Typhoon “Soudelor”
图 11 2001−2020年珠江（a）、红河（b）日平均流量和入海沉积物通量时间序列
绿色虚线代表台风
Fig. 11 Time series of daily average discharge and sediment flux for Zhujiang River (a) and Red River (b) from 2001 to 2020
The green dashed lines indicate the typhoons
图 12 珠江(a)和红河(b)不同时期入海沉积物输运量占比
Fig. 12 Sediment flux in different periods of Zhujiang River (a) and Red River (b)
图 13 珠江（a），高屏溪（b），红河（c）和湄公河（d）旱、雨季入海沉积物通量占比
Fig. 13 Proportion of sediment flux of Zhujiang River (a), Gaoping River (b), Red River (c) and Mekong River (d) in dry and wet season
图 14 泰国湾雨季（a）、旱季（b）海表悬浮体浓度以及雨季和旱季的差值（c）
a中标号1−4分别为：美功河、他钦河、湄南河及邦巴功河
Fig. 14 Distribution of seasurface SSC in wet season (a), dry season (b) and difference between wet season and dry season of Gulf of Thailand (c)
Numbers 1−4 in figure a represent: Mae Klong River, Tha Chin River, Chao Phraya River and Bangpakhlong River
图 15 2001−2020年珠江月平均流量（a）和入海沉积物通量（b）序列小波功率谱；流量（c）和入海沉积物通量（d）低通滤波序列小波功率谱；流量（e）和入海沉积物通量（f）与NIÑO3.4指数的交叉小波谱
Fig. 15 The wavelet power spectra for monthly average discharge (a) and sediment flux (b); the low pass filtered seriesfor discharge (c) and sediment flux (d); cross wavelet spectra for discharge (e) and sediment flux (f) between the NIÑO3.4 Index hydrological series of the Zhujiang River
图 16 2001−2020年红河（a）和湄公河（b）入海沉积物通量与NIÑO3.4指数的交叉小波谱
Fig. 16 Cross wavelet spectra for Red River (a) and Mekong River (b) between sediment flux and the NIÑO3.4 Index
图 17 2001−2020年湄南河（a）和拉让江（b）流量与NIÑO3.4指数的交叉小波谱
Fig. 17 The cross wavelet spectra for Chao Phraya River (a) and Rajang River (b) between river dischargeand the NIÑO3.4 Index
表 1 南海周边河流沉积物通量数据
Tab. 1 Sediment flux of rivers around the SCS
地区 河流 流域面积/
（103 km2）Liu等[8]发布
入海通量/（Mt·a−1）2001−2020平均
入海通量/（Mt·a−1）数据源 时间分辨率 台湾地区 浊水溪 3 54.1 72.69 台湾水文年报 每月30 ± 2个 北港溪 0.6 2.2 2.91 台湾水文年报 朴子溪 0.3 2.1 0.80 台湾水文年报 八掌溪 0.4 6.3 3.10 台湾水文年报 急水溪 0.2 1.8 1.44 台湾水文年报 曾文溪 1.2 25.1 5.24 台湾水文年报 盐水溪 0.1 1.1 0.24 台湾水文年报 二仁溪 0.2 30.2 4.61 台湾水文年报 高屏溪 3 49 30.37 台湾水文年报 东港溪 0.2 0.4 0.34 台湾水文年报 林边溪 0.3 3.3 1.76 台湾水文年报 华南地区 九龙江 15 3.1 2.46 Alain Isabwe[18] 公报数据为每月平均
文献数据为每年平均韩江 30 10 1.70 王宇飞[19] 榕江 4.4 0.28 敖亮挺[20] 珠江 450 84.3 28.98 中国河流泥沙公报 漠阳江 6.1 0.8 1.26 蔡绪军[21] 鉴江 9.5 1.5 1.20 张义宇[22] 南流江 6.6 1.1 0.66 珠江片河流泥沙公报 大风江 1.9 0.36 罗亚飞等[23] 钦江 2.5 0.26 欧芳兰等[24] 茅岭江 2.9 0.32 亢振军等[25] 南渡江 6.6 1.1 0.29 珠江片河流泥沙公报 昌化江 5.1 0.08 0.59 珠江片河流泥沙公报 万泉河 3.7 0.16 珠江片河流泥沙公报 中南半岛 Thai Binh（太平江） 15 1 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Red River（红河） 120 130 23.39 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Ma（马江） 28 3 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Ca（蓝江） 27 4 3.70 Phuong等[26] 多年平均 Thu-bon（秋盆河） 10 2 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] SaiGon（西贡河） 44 3 0.43 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Mekong（湄公河） 790 160 34.40 Chua和Lu[29] 每年平均 泰国中部 Petch（碧武里河） 6 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Mae Klong（美功河） 31 8.1 0.80 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Chao Phraya（湄南河） 160 11 6.96 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Tha Chin（塔他河） 3 0.12 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Bangpakhlong（邦巴功河） 10 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] 马来半岛 Pattani（北大年河） 4 0.35 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Kelantan（吉兰丹河） 12 13.9 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Terengganu（登嘉楼河） 3.3 0.8 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Pahang（彭亨河） 19 20.4 12.11 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Johor（柔佛河） 2.6 0.07 Latif等[27] 多年平均 苏门答腊岛 Rokan（罗坎河） 19 0.98 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Siak（夏克河） 16 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Kampar（甘巴河） 36 0.65 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Inderagiri（因德拉吉里河） 22 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Hari（哈里河） 50 5.90 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Musi（穆西河） 61 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] 加里曼丹岛 Segama（昔加末河） 6 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Padas（巴达斯河） 5 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Baram（巴拉姆河） 22.8 12 24.00 Prabakaran等[28] 多年平均 Kidurong（都东河） 5.4 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] Rajang（拉让江） 51 30 53.86 Dethier等[6] Lupar（卢帕河） 7 Milliman和Farnsworth[1] 每年平均 吕宋岛 Cagayan（卡加延河） 30.4 1.53 Dethier等[6] 每年平均 Agno（阿格诺河） 6.3 4.7 Liu等[8] Pampanga（邦板牙河） 8.6 3.6 Liu等[8] Angat（安加特河） 0.6 4.6 Liu等[8] 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 卫星观测数据标准误差（由流量和沉积物浓度数据误差计算得出，Dethier等[6]研究）
Tab. 2 Standard error of satellite observation data (calculated from discharge and sediment concentration data, data from Dethier[6])
中南半岛 泰国中部 马来半岛 苏门答腊岛 加里曼丹岛 吕宋岛 红河 西贡河 美功河 湄南河 彭亨河 罗坎河 甘巴河 哈里河 拉让江 卡加延河 误差 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.18
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 南海周边部分河流水沙关系曲线参数(log10(a)、b)及决定系数(r2)
Tab. 3 Sediment rating parameters (log10(a) and b) and determination (r2) in part of rivers around the SCS
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Milliman J D, Farnsworth K L. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. [2] Wu Ying, Eglinton T I, Zhang Jing, et al. Spatiotemporal variation of the quality, origin, and age of particulate organic matter transported by the Yangtze River (Changjiang)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2018, 123(9): 2908−2921. doi: 10.1029/2017JG004285 [3] Lyu Jixuan, Shi Yong, Zhang Shuo, et al. The reservoirs gradually changed the distribution, source, and flux of particulate organic carbon within the Changjiang River catchment[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2023, 623: 129808. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129808 [4] Wei Xing, Cai Shuqun, Ni Peitong, et al. Impacts of climate change and human activities on the water discharge and sediment load of the Pearl River, southern China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 16743. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73939-8 [5] 远立国, 刘玉河, 乔光建. 滦河口入海沙量锐减对湿地生态环境影响[J]. 南水北调与水利科技, 2011, 9(4): 109−112,116.Yuan Liguo, Liu Yuhe, Qiao Guangjian. Impacts of significant reduction of sediment flux into the sea in Luanhe River estuary on wetland ecological environment[J]. South-to-North Water Diversion and Water Science & Technology, 2011, 9(4): 109−112,116. [6] Dethier E N, Renshaw C E, Magilligan F J. Rapid changes to global river suspended sediment flux by humans[J]. Science, 2022, 376(6600): 1447−1452. doi: 10.1126/science.abn7980 [7] Lu Xixi, Ran Lishan, Liu Shaomin, et al. Sediment loads response to climate change: a preliminary study of eight large Chinese rivers[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2013, 28(1): 1−14. doi: 10.1016/S1001-6279(13)60013-X [8] Liu Zhifei, Zhao Yulong, Colin C, et al. Source-to-sink transport processes of fluvial sediments in the South China Sea[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2016, 153: 238−273. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.005 [9] 蔡观强, 彭学超, 张玉兰. 南海沉积物物质来源研究的意义及其进展[J]. 海洋科学进展, 2011, 29(1): 113−121. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6647.2011.01.014Cai Guanqiang, Peng Xuechao, Zhang Yulan. The Significances of and advances in the study of sediment sources in the South China Sea[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 2011, 29(1): 113−121. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6647.2011.01.014 [10] Lu Xixi, Siew R Y. Water discharge and sediment flux changes over the past decades in the Lower Mekong River: possible impacts of the Chinese dams[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2006, 10(2): 181−195. doi: 10.5194/hess-10-181-2006 [11] Hung C, Lin Guanwei, Kuo H L, et al. Impact of an extreme typhoon event on subsequent sediment discharges and rainfall-driven landslides in affected mountainous regions of Taiwan[J]. Geofluids, 2018, 2018: 8126518. [12] 朱樊, 欧素英, 张铄涵, 等. 基于MODIS影像的珠江口表层悬沙浓度反演及时空变化分析[J]. 泥沙研究, 2015(2): 67−73.Zhu Fan, Ou Suying, Zhang Shuohan, et al. MODIS images-based retrieval and analysis of spatial-temporal change of superficial suspended sediment concentration in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2015(2): 67−73. [13] Hu Peng, Chen Wen, Wang Lin, et al. Revisiting the ENSO-monsoonal rainfall relationship: new insights based on an objective determination of the Asian summer monsoon duration[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2022, 17(10): 104050. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac97ad [14] Liu Feng, Chen Hui, Cai Huayang, et al. Impacts of ENSO on multi-scale variations in sediment discharge from the Pearl River to the South China Sea[J]. Geomorphology, 2017, 293: 24−36. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.05.007 [15] Walsh J P, Nittrouer C A. Understanding fine-grained river-sediment dispersal on continental margins[J]. Marine Geology, 2009, 263(1/4): 34−45. [16] Guo Kai, Zou Tao, Jiang Dejuan, et al. Variability of Yellow River turbid plume detected with satellite remote sensing during water-sediment regulation[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2017, 135: 74−85. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2017.01.017 [17] Mertes L A K, Warrick J A. Measuring flood output from 110 coastal watersheds in California with field measurements and SeaWiFS[J]. Geology, 2001, 29(7): 659−662. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0659:MFOFCW>2.0.CO;2 [18] Isabwe A. 大坝建设对九龙江流量和沉积物输运的影响评估[D]. 厦门: 厦门大学, 2014.Isabwe A. Assessing the effects of dams on water discharge and sediment load variability in the Jiulong River[D]. Xiamen: Xiamen University, 2014. [19] 王宇飞, 刘秀娟, 王洋, 等. 近60年来韩江入海泥沙通量变化及其对邻近海域的影响[J]. 人民珠江, 2022, 43(10): 50−56.Wang Yufei, Liu Xiujuan, Wang Yang, et al. Changes in sediment flux from Hanjiang River into the sea and its influence on adjacent sea areas over the last 60 years[J]. Pearl River, 2022, 43(10): 50−56. [20] 敖亮挺. 榕江流域多年水沙特性分析[J]. 人民珠江, 2023, 44(1): 78−86. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9235.2023.01.011Ao Liangting. Analysis of water and sediment characteristics in Rongjiang River basin[J]. Pearl River, 2023, 44(1): 78−86. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9235.2023.01.011 [21] 蔡绪军. 漠阳江流域荆山水文站悬移质泥沙特性探讨[J]. 广东水利水电, 2013(3): 29−31.Cai Xujun. Study on suspended sediment characteristics of Jingshan Hydrology Station in Moyang River Basin[J]. Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower, 2013(3): 29−31. [22] 张义宇. 鉴江干流水沙变化探讨[J]. 广东水利电力职业技术学院学报, 2022, 20(1): 8−10, 51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2841.2022.01.004Zhang Yiyu. Study on the change of runoff and sediment in the trunk of Jianjiang River[J]. Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, 2022, 20(1): 8−10, 51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2841.2022.01.004 [23] 罗亚飞, 黄海军, 严立文. 广西大风江附近海域悬沙分布遥感反演与输移特征分析[C]//第十八届中国环境遥感应用技术论坛论文集. 西宁: 中国遥感应用协会环境遥感分会, 2014: 61−68.Luo Yafei, Huang Haijun, Yan Liwen. Remote sensing inversion and transport characteristics of suspended sediment distribution in waters near Fengfeng River, Guangxi[C]//China Association of Remote Sensing Application. Xining: Environmental Remote Sensing Branch of China Remote Sensing Application Association, 2014: 61−68. [24] 欧芳兰, 邓建明, 卢远, 等. 钦江流域历史径流泥沙演变规律分析[J]. 大众科技, 2020, 22(10): 15−17, 28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1151.2020.10.006Ou Fanglan, Deng Jianming, Lu Yuan, et al. Analysis on the evolution law of historical runoff and sediment in Qinjiang River Basin[J]. Popular Science & Technology, 2020, 22(10): 15−17, 28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1151.2020.10.006 [25] 亢振军, 郭伟, 李杰, 等. 茅岭江入海口水质状况分析与评价[J]. 海洋科学前沿, 2017, 4(1): 7−16. doi: 10.12677/AMS.2017.41002Kang Zhenjun, Guo Wei, Li Jie, et al. Water quality analysis and evaluation in Maolingjiang River inlet[J]. Advances in Marine Sciences, 2017, 4(1): 7−16. doi: 10.12677/AMS.2017.41002 [26] Phuong H T, Okubo K, Uddin M A. Geochemistry and sediment in the main stream of the Ca River basin, Vietnam: weathering process, solute-discharge relationships, and reservoir impact[J]. Acta Geochimica, 2019, 38(5): 627−641. doi: 10.1007/s11631-019-00327-z [27] Latif S D, Chong K L, Ahmed A N, et al. Sediment load prediction in Johor river: deep learning versus machine learning models[J]. Applied Water Science, 2023, 13(3): 79. doi: 10.1007/s13201-023-01874-w [28] Prabakaran K, Nagarajan R, Eswaramoorthi S, et al. Environmental significance and geochemical speciation of trace elements in Lower Baram River sediments[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 219: 933−953. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.158 [29] Chua S D X, Lu Xixi. Sediment load crisis in the Mekong River Basin: severe reductions over the decades[J]. Geomorphology, 2022, 419: 108484. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108484 [30] Carter L, Gavey R, Talling P, et al. Insights into submarine geohazards from breaks in subsea telecommunication cables[J]. Oceanography, 2014, 27(2): 58−67. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2014.40 [31] Zhang Yanwei, Liu Zhifei, Zhao Yulong, et al. Long-term in situ observations on typhoon-triggered turbidity currents in the deep sea[J]. Geology, 2018, 46(8): 675−678. doi: 10.1130/G45178.1 [32] Mulligan M, Van Soesbergen A, Sáenz L. GOODD, a global dataset of more than 38, 000 georeferenced dams[J]. Scientific Data, 2020, 7(1): 31. doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-0362-5 [33] Lu Xiaoqin, Yu Hui, Ying Ming, et al. Western North Pacific tropical cyclone database created by the China meteorological administration[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021, 38(4): 690−699. doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0211-7 [34] Ying Ming, Zhang Wei, Yu Hui, et al. An overview of the China meteorological administration tropical cyclone database[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2014, 31(2): 287−301. doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00119.1 [35] Kao S J, Lee T Y, Milliman J D. Calculating highly fluctuated suspended sediment fluxes from mountainous rivers in Taiwan[J]. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2005, 16(3): 653−675. doi: 10.3319/TAO.2005.16.3.653(T) [36] Zhang Wei, Wei Xiaoyan, Zheng Jinhai, et al. Estimating suspended sediment loads in the Pearl River Delta region using sediment rating curves[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2012, 38: 35−46. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2012.02.017 [37] Sun Pengcheng, Wu Yiping, Yang Zhifeng, et al. Can the grain-for-green program really ensure a low sediment load on the Chinese Loess Plateau?[J]. Engineering, 2019, 5(5): 855−864. doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.014 [38] Quang N H, Loc H H, Park E. Characterizing sediment load variability in the red river system using empirical orthogonal function analysis: implications for water resources management in data poor regions[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2023, 624: 129891. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129891 [39] 国家能源局. 国家发展改革委关于水电建设管理主要河流划分有关事项的通知[EB/OL]. (2012-01-04). http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-01/04/c_131260325.htm.National Energy Administration. Notice of the national development and reform commission on matters related to the division of major rivers in the management of hydropower construction[EB/OL]. (2012-01-04). http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-01/04/c_131260325.htm. [40] 水利部. 水利部关于印发《中小河流治理建设管理办法》的通知[EB/OL]. (2023-07-01). https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2023/issue_10686/202309/content_6902590.html.Ministry of Water Resources the People’s Republic of China. Measures for the administration of the governance and construction of small and medium-sized rivers[EB/OL]. (2023-07-01). https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2023/issue_10686/202309/content_6902590.html. [41] Dadson S J, Hovius N, Chen H, et al. Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan orogen[J]. Nature, 2003, 426(6967): 648−651. doi: 10.1038/nature02150 [42] Walling D E. The changing sediment load of the Mekong River[J]. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2008, 37(3): 150−157. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[150:TCSLOT]2.0.CO;2 [43] Xue Zuo, Liu J P, Ge Qian. Changes in hydrology and sediment delivery of the Mekong River in the last 50 years: connection to damming, monsoon, and ENSO[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2011, 36(3): 296−308. doi: 10.1002/esp.2036 [44] Unverricht D, Nguyen T C, Heinrich C, et al. Suspended sediment dynamics during the inter-monsoon season in the subaqueous Mekong Delta and adjacent shelf, southern Vietnam[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2014, 79: 509−519. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.10.008 [45] 李珏, 乔璐璐, DucCuong L, 等. 南海北部湾表层悬浮体分布规律[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2020, 40(2): 10−18.Li Jue, Qiao Lulu, DucCuong L, et al. Surficial distribution of suspended sediment in Beibu Gulf of the South China Sea[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2020, 40(2): 10−18. -
计量
- 文章访问数: 239
- HTML全文浏览量: 115
- PDF下载量: 72
- 被引次数: 0
