Distribution and influencing factors of dissolved manganese in the northern South China Sea in autumn
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摘要: 利用在线富集−流动注射分析方法测定了2017年10月珠江口−琼东海域和2020年9月南海东北部−中部海域（文中将两个航次研究区域统称南海北部）溶解态锰（dMn）的浓度。研究结果显示，南海北部dMn的浓度范围为0.7～8.6 nmol/L，平均浓度为（2.6 ± 1.3）nmol/L。dMn浓度的平面分布整体呈现近岸高、外海低的特点，琼东沿岸及珠江口海域dMn的浓度高于南海北部陆坡及中部海域。dMn的垂直分布呈现表层高，随深度增加逐渐降低，DO相对较低的中层水体dMn浓度升高，深层水dMn浓度较低。影响南海dMn分布的因素主要包括水团混合、颗粒物吸附−解吸和低氧环境再生。富Mn陆架水沿上层（< 80 m）向南海北部陆架海域输送。以盐度和dMn作为示踪剂研究2020年秋季黑潮次表层水对南海的入侵，结果发现入侵主要集中在24.5～25.0 kg/m3密度面上，向西延伸到117.5°E，向南延伸到20°N。南海中部中层水体（400～1 500 m，DO浓度 < 100 μmol/L）dMn浓度升高，dMn浓度与表观耗氧量（AOU）呈正相关关系，说明低氧环境再生影响南海北部dMn的分布。Abstract: The concentrations of dissolved manganese (dMn) in the Zhujiang Estuary-Qiongdong Sea area in October 2017 and the northeast-central part of the South China Sea (SCS) in September 2020 (the research areas are referred to as the northern South China Sea, NSCS) were determined by online concentration-flow injection analysis. The results showed that the concentration of dMn in the NSCS ranged from 0.7 nmol/L to 8.6 nmol/L, with an average of (2.6 ± 1.3) nmol/L. The concentration of dMn was higher in the coastal area and decreased with distance from the coast, dMn in the Zhujiang Estuary-Qiongdong Sea area was higher than that in the northern and central of the SCS. The vertical profiles of dMn normally was highest in the surface layer, gradually decreased with depth and increased dMn in the intermediate water with relatively low dissolved oxygen, and then kept low concentration in the deep water. The factors affecting the distribution of dMn in the NSCS mainly include water mass mixing, particulate adsorption-desorption and regeneration in low oxygen environment etc. Mn-rich shelf water was transported to the slope of NSCS along the upper layer (< 80 m). Using salinity and dMn as tracer to study the intrusion of Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW) into the SCS in autumn 2020, the results showed that the KSSW intrusion was mainly concentrated at the potential density surfaces of 24.5～25.0 kg/m3, and the intrusion scope extending to 117.5°E in the west and 20°N in the south. The concentration of dMn in the intermediate water of the central SCS (400～1 500 m, DO < 100 μmol/L) increased, and the concentration of dMn was positively correlated with apparent oxygen consumption (AOU), which indicated that remineralization process in low oxygen environment (DO < 100 μmol/L) affected the distribution of dMn in the NSCS.
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Key words:
- dissolved manganese /
- distribution /
- influencing factors /
- the northern South China Sea
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图 1 南海北部采样站位
图中棕色和蓝色圆点分别为2017年10月、2020年9月全水深站位；蓝色三角为2020年9月表层站位；黑色实线为断面；橙色箭头表示南海冬季环流；洋流参考文献[10，24]
Fig. 1 Sampling locations in the northern South China Sea (NSCS)
The brown and blue dots in the figure represent the full-depth stations in October 2017 and September 2020, respectively; the blue triangle represents the surface station in September 2020; the black solid lines are sections; the orange arrow represents the winter circulation of the South China Sea; currents are redraw after references [10, 24]
图 2 南海北部温度、盐度和dMn浓度的表、底层平面分布
Fig. 2 Horizontal distributions of temperature, salinity and dMn concentration in surface and bottom waters in the NSCS
图 3 南海北部断面1、断面2、断面3温度、盐度和dMn浓度的断面分布
Fig. 3 Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dMn concentration along sections 1, 2, 3 in the NSCS
图 4 南海北部典型全水深站温度、盐度、DO和dMn浓度的剖面分布
Fig. 4 Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity，DO and dMn concentration at typical full-depth stations in the NSCS
图 6 ln(dMn)与距离（指站位到TF-64站的距离）的相关关系
Fig. 6 ln(dMn) and the distance (referring to the distance from the station to TF-64 Station)
图 7 南海北部24.5 kg/m3、25.0 kg/m3等密度面盐度和dMn的平面分布
Fig. 7 Horizontal distributions of salinity and dMn at isopycnal surfaces of 24.5 kg/m3 and 25.0 kg/m3 in the NSCS
图 8 珠江口−琼东海域dMn的吸附−解吸模型
Fig. 8 Adsorption model of dMn in the Zhujiang Estuary—Qiongdong Sea area
图 9 南海中部海域中层水体（400～1 500 m）dMn与表观耗氧量（AOU）的关系
Fig. 9 The relationship between dMn and apparent oxygen consumption (AOU) in the intermediate waters of the South China Sea (400−1 500 m)
表 1 2017年10月和2020年9月南海北部温度、盐度、DO、SPM和dMn浓度的范围及平均值
Tab. 1 Ranges and means of temperature, salinity, DO, SPM and dMn concentration in the NSCS in October 2017 and September 2020
时间 层次 温度/℃ 盐度 DO浓度/(mg·L)−1 SPM浓度/(mg·L)−1 dMn浓度/(nmol·L)−1 2017年10月 全水深 2.9～30.2 33.45～34.66 − 1.5～11.3 0.7～8.6 （22.5 ± 7.4） （34.14 ± 0.41） （4.8 ± 1.7） （3.3 ± 1.6） 表层 27.0～30.2 33.46～33.88 − 1.8～10.9 3.3～8.4 （28.8 ± 1.1） （33.67 ± 0.13） （5.0 ± 1.8） （4.7 ± 1.2） 底层 2.9～27.7 33.46～34.66 − 3.0～11.3 1.2～7.9 （19.0 ± 8.1） （34.34 ± 0.40） （6.2 ± 2.0） （3.3 ± 1.6） 2020年9月 全水深 2.3～31.3 33.26～34.75 2.45～6.70 − 0.7～4.4 （14.5 ± 10.0） （34.38 ± 0.28） （4.16 ± 1.19） （2.2 ± 0.9） 表层 29.3～31.3 33.26～34.15 5.38～6.70 − 3.0～4.3 （30.3 ± 0.5） （33.82 ± 0.18） （5.84 ± 0.29） （3.8 ± 0.4） 底层 2.3～12.2 34.41～34.62 2.55～3.77 − 0.8～2.2 （4.1 ± 3.1） （34.57 ± 0.08） （3.22 ± 0.36） （1.6 ± 0.3） 注：括号内为平均值±标准偏差；“−”代表未测数据。 
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表 2 世界主要河流、陆架边缘海和开阔大洋中dMn的浓度范围及平均值
Tab. 2 The ranges and means of dMn concentration in major rivers, marginal shelf seas and open oceans of the world
采样时间 区域 dMn/(nmol·L−1) 参考文献 2017年10月 珠江口-琼东海域 0.7～8.6（3.3） 本文 2020年09月 南海东北部-中部海域 0.7～4.4 （2.2） 本文 2011年06月 南海北部陆坡区 0.5～29.9 （3.5） 文献[21–22] 2015年06月 南海东北部 0.3～6.9（2.1） 文献[22] 2015年10月 东海 0.9～16.9（5.7） 文献[16] 2019年10月 日本海 0.1～8.0 文献[30] 2013年06月 地中海 0.2～7.0 文献[31] 2020年01月 阿拉伯海 0.3～5.7 文献[32] 2008年07月 波罗的海 9.0～9 337 文献[29] 2012年08月 北太平洋 0.08～8.38 文献[33] 2014年12月 南太平洋 0.08～4.74 文献[34] 2010年11月 北大西洋 0.1～3.2 文献[35] 2018年12月 南大洋 0.14～0.38 文献[36] 1986年08月 印度洋 0.2～3.9 文献[37] 2012年07月 长江口 4.2～74.1 文献[19] 2014年10月 珠江口 2.9～855.9 文献[20]
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