Observation and propagation velocity study of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea based on the FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite
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摘要: 本文利用中国新一代静止轨道气象卫星FY-4B数据开展了南海北部海域内孤立波观测及传播速度研究。首先使用500 m分辨率的全圆盘ARGI数据对FY-4B卫星可观测内波区域进行了讨论，确认了南海北部为研究区域。之后利用250 m分辨率的GHI数据使用多时相图像比较法（Multitemporal Image Comparison Method，MTI）计算了南海北部内孤立波的传播速度，其平均传播速度为1.78 m/s，东部深海区平均传播速度为3.02 m/s，向西传播至东沙群岛附近后平均速度减小至1.90 m/s，经过东沙群岛分裂后南部比北部传播速度更快，分别为2.08 m/s 和1.54 m/s；最终在向西传播到近岸区域后内孤立波传播速度减小至0.42 m/s，直至最终消散。将MTI方法与两层模式下扩展KdV方程（extended Korteweg-de Vries，eKdV）计算得到的理论传播速度进行了对比，二者相关系数达到了0.89，证明eKdV理论方程对南海北部内孤立波传播速度反演的可行性，但仍具有一定的局限。最后将实测数据与遥感影像匹配计算内孤立波传播速度的结果与单一遥感影像计算内孤立波传播速度的结果进行了比较，两者相关性达到了0.93。本文验证了静止轨道卫星光学遥感数据的高时间分辨率特点对内孤立波传播速度研究具有的较大优势，对南海北部内孤立波参数反演等研究工作具有一定意义。
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关键词:
- 内孤立波 /
- FY-4B地球静止气象卫星 /
- 多时相图像比较法(MTI) /
- eKdV方程 /
- 南海北部
Abstract: This study uses the data of the China’s new generation geostationary-orbit meteorological satellite FY-4B to observe the internal solitary wave (ISW) and study the propagation speed of ISW in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Firstly, the observable ISW region of the FY-4B satellite was discussed by using ARGI data of 500 m resolution, and the NSCS was confirmed as the research area. Then, the MTI method (Multitemporal Image Comparison method) was used to calculate the propagation velocity of ISWs in NSCS using GHI data of 250 m resolution, and the average propagation velocity of ISW in NSCS is about 1.78 m/s. The average velocity in the eastern deep sea was 3.02 m/s, and it decreased to 1.90 m/s after westward transmission near Dongsha Islands. After the division of Dongsha Islands, the velocity of ISW in the south was faster than the north, with 2.08 m/s and 1.54 m/s, respectively. Finally, the velocity decreases to 0.42 m/s after westward to the nearshore region, then dissipates. Compared with the results of the MTI method and theoretical propagation velocity calculated by the eKdV (extended Korteweg-de Vries) equation in the two-layer mode, and the correlation coefficient between them reached 0.89. Prove the feasibility of using the eKdV theoretical equation to invert the propagation velocity of ISW in the NSCS. Finally, the results of calculating the propagation velocity of ISW by combining measured data with remote sensing images were compared with the results of MTI method. The correlation between the two reached 0.93. This article verifies the high temporal resolution characteristics of geostationary-orbit optical remote sensing data, which have significant advantages in calculating the propagation speed of ISW. It has certain significance for research work such as inversion of ISW parameters in the NSCS.-
Key words:
- ISWs /
- FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite /
- MTI /
- eKdV equation /
- northern South China Sea
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图 2 夏至、冬至太阳耀斑区分布
Fig. 2 The sun glint region distribution of winter solstice and summer solstice
图 5 MTI法计算内孤立波传播速度
Fig. 5 Propagation velocity of internal solitary wave by MTI method
图 8 春、夏、秋季南海北部极限振幅极值情况
Fig. 8 Extreme amplitude of the northern South China Sea in spring, summer, and autumn
图 9 南海北部实测内孤立波振幅统计与潮流预测情况
Fig. 9 Statistics of measured internal solitary wave amplitudes and tidal current predictions in the northern South China Sea
图 11 不同月份温度、盐度、密度及浮频率
Fig. 11 Temperature, salinity, density, and buoyancy frequency in different months
图 12 两层模式下南海北部不同月份上层厚度
Fig. 12 Upper layer thickness in different months of the northern South China Sea under a two-layer model
表 1 GHI数据及ARGI数据参数介绍
Tab. 1 Introduction of GHI and ARGI data characteristics
GHI ARGI 波段/μm 全色 0.55～0.75 空间分辨率/m 250 500 时间分辨率/min 1 15 探测范围 不定区域 固定区域 观测范围示意图 
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表 2 FY-4B ARGI数据各海区可观测内波的最佳时间段
Tab. 2 The optimal time period of observed internal waves in each sea area of FY-4B ARGI data
海区 空间范围 日期 最佳时间段 南海北部 19°～22.5°N, 116°～120.5°E 2023年5月6日 03:00−07:00 UTC 苏禄海 6°～9°N, 117.5°～121.5°E 2023年5月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC 西里伯斯海 3°～6.5°N, 120°～124.5°E 2023年3月25日 04:00−07:00 UTC 弗洛勒斯海 5.5°～8.5°S, 122°～127°E 2023年3月24日 04:00−06:00 UTC 马鲁古海 0.5°～3.5°S, 123.5°～128°E 2022年6月1日 02:00−06:00 UTC 龙目海峡 6°S～9.5°S, 114°～118.5°E 2023年3月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC
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表 3 MTI法计算内孤立波波速
Tab. 3 Calculating internal solitary wave velocity using MTI method
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 平均距离/km 2.114 2.380 2.177 1.996 1.761 1.725 1.405 2.967 传播时间/min 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 传播速度(vi)/(m·s−1) 1.76 1.98 1.81 1.66 1.47 1.44 1.17 2.47 时间段速度(v)/(m·s−1) 1.8025 1.6375 总平均($ \bar{v} $)/(m·s−1) 1.72
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表 4 FY-4B数据与实测数据ISWs发生时间
Tab. 4 Time of occurrence of ISWs between FY-4B data and measured data
日期 7月20日 8月26日 8月27日 9月3日 9月13日 9月14日 9月15日 9月16日 成像时间1 04:00:00 03:01:00 03:11:00 07:01:00 04:01:00 05:01:00 06:01:00 06:41:00 成像时间2 05:30:00 01:17:00 01:12:00 06:48:00 05:21:00 03:38:00 04:36:00 06:01:00 实测发生时间3 05:29:00 01:16:40 00:47:30 06:48:20 02:12:30 03:37:40 04:35:50 05:59:30 时间1至时间2时间差/s 5 400 6 240 7 140 780 4 800 4 980 5 100 2 400 时间1至时间3时间差/s 5 340 6 260 8 610 760 6 510 5 000 5 110 2 490 时间1至时间2距离/m 9 940 10 669 11 880 1 237 9 330 9 472 8 622 5 294 时间1至时间3距离/m 10 253 10 825 15 291 1 177 12 716 9 351 7 912 5 400 时间1至时间2平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.84 1.71 1.66 1.59 1.95 1.90 1.69 2.21 时间1至时间3平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.92 1.73 1.77 1.55 1.95 1.87 1.55 2.17 相关系数R 0.93
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