台风“利奇马”（1909）登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析

王倩; 时晓曚; 张苏平

doi:10.12284/hyxb2024027

台风“利奇马”（1909）登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024027

王倩^{1, 2,},
时晓曚^{1, 2, ,},
张苏平³

1.
山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室，山东济南 250031
2.
青岛市气象台，山东青岛 266003
3.
中国海洋大学物理海洋教育部重点实验室/海洋−大气相互作用与气候山东省重点实验室，山东青岛 266100

基金项目: 环渤海区域气象科技协同创新基金项目（QYXM202012，QYXM202110）；山东省气象局科学技术研究项目（2021sdqxm03）；青岛市气象局重点项目（2019qdqxz02）。

详细信息

作者简介:
王倩（1990—），女，山东省青岛市人，博士，从事中小尺度海气相互作用、海雾预报与机理研究。E-mail：wangqian54a@sina.com

通讯作者:
时晓曚（1987—），女，山东省济南市人，高级工程师，主要从事海雾机理和预报技术研究。E-mail：shi198710@126.com

中图分类号: P714⁺.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-18
- 修回日期: 2023-05-04
- 网络出版日期: 2024-05-13
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-30

Observational analyses of a sea fog event over the northern Yellow Sea when Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) landed on Qingdao

Wang Qian^{1, 2
,},
Shi Xiaomeng^{1, 2
, ,},
Zhang Suping³

1.
Key Laboratoray for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Shandong, Jinan 250031, China
2.
Qingdao Meteorological Observatory, Qingdao 266003, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate in Universities of Shandong, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

摘要

摘要: 利用多种观测数据、再分析数据和后向追踪模式，分析了2019年9号台风“利奇马”影响黄海北部期间发生的一次海雾过程，结果表明台风影响下的环流形势是此次海雾形成并影响沿海的决定性因素。来自黄海南部的暖湿气团在台风中心右侧较冷的海面凝结成雾，台风中心右侧区域的偏南气流不仅使黄海南部的暖湿空气不断向北输送，为海雾的形成和发展提供充足的水汽，而且其从黄海西岸带来的暖气团和台风中心区域的下沉气流在雾区上空形成了显著逆温层，在大气边界层内形成了“上稳下湍”的层结结构，也有利于海雾在岸滨及内陆地区的维持和发展。而台风后部水平风转向和台风中心外围增强的水平风加强了大气边界层底部的垂直风切变，从而导致湍流混合增强和大气边界层稳定度下降，这是引发海雾消散的重要原因。
- 海雾 /
- 台风 /
- 大气边界层结构 /
- 黄海
Abstract: This study focuses on the physical process of a sea fog event during Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) in the northern Yellow Sea by using observation data, reanalysis data and backward trajectory model. The analysis indicates that the typhoon circulation was the decisive factor determining whether fog formed offshore and developed inland. The warm and humid southerlies from the South Yellow Sea condensed into fog on the colder sea surface besides the typhoon center, which not only provided sufficient moisture for the formation and development of the sea fog but also formed a significant inversion layer over the fog area with the downdraft in the center of the typhoon. The “stable up and turbulent down” structure in the atmospheric boundary layer improved the development of sea fog on the coast and inland area. However, the horizontal wind steering and the strengthening wind speed behind the typhoon strengthened the wind shear in the atmospheric boundary layer, resulting in the enhanced turbulent mixing and the decrease of the stability in the bottom atmospheric boundary layer, which was the main cause of the fog dissipation.
- sea fog /
- typhoon /
- atmospheric boundary layer structure /
- Yellow Sea

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图 1 2019年8月11日21时MTSAT-1R卫星IR1通道云图(a)和青岛区域大气能见度观测站点海拔高度(b)

图a中黑色等值线为海平面气压/hPa，黑色折线为10日15时至12日06时的台风中心移动路径，黑色圆圈表示每3 h台风中心的位置，11日21时的台风中心位置使用白框黑色三角形标注，表1中船舶观测位置使用黑框白色三角形标注；图b范围如图a中白色方框所示，圆点为青岛地区大气能见度仪所在站点位置，其中青岛站（QD）、太平角站（TPJ）、大公岛站（DGD）、朝连岛站（CLD）和大管岛站（GD）用黑框圆点标注（下同）

Fig. 1 The MTSAT-IR1 satellite image at 21:00 BJT 11 August 2019 (a) and the heights of atmospheric visibility stations around Qingdao (b)

In Fig.1a, black contours : the sea level pressure/hPa , black circles and connecting line: typhoon moving track and the center locations with 3-h intervals from 15:00 BJT 10 to 06:00 BJT 12, black triangle with white frame: the typhoon center at 21:00 BJT 11, white triangle with black frame: the location of the ship in ICOADS data in Table 1. The white rectangular frame in Fig.1a marks the area of Fig.1b, the dots mark the locations of visibility stations, and the QD, TPJ, DGD, CLD and GD stations are marked with black circles (the same below)

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图 2 2019年8月11日19时（a）、20时（b）、21时（c）、22时（d）、23时（e）和12日00时（f）青岛地区大气水平能见度分布

Fig. 2 The hourly atmospheric visibility around Qingdao area at 19:00 (a), 20:00 (b), 21:00(c), 22:00 (d), 23:00 (e) BJT 11 and 00:00 (f) BJT 12 August 2019

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图 3 2019年8月11日18时（a）、20时（b）和22时（c）黄海海雾卫星检测结果

图3a中以黑色圆点标注表1中船舶位置；图3b中黑色方框所示区域为图2所示范围

Fig. 3 MTSAT satellite images and back calculation at 18:00 (a), 20:00 (b), 22:00 (c) BJT 11 August 2019

In Fig.3a, the black circle marks the location of the ship in ICOADS data in Table 1. The black frame in Fig.3b marks the area shown in Fig.2

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图 4 2019年8月11日16时、20时和12日00时青岛地区水平风速(a−c)和相对湿度(d−f)

Fig. 4 Wind speeds (a−c) and relative humidities (d−f) at 16:00 BJT 11, 20:00 BJT 11 and 00:00 BJT 12 August 2019, respectively

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图 5 8月11日12时至12日02时青岛站、太平角站和大公岛站大气能见度（a）、水平风（b）、相对湿度（c）、气温和浮标站海温（d）、降雨量（e）的时间序列

Fig. 5 The time series of observed atmospheric visibility (a), horizontal winds (b), relative humidity (c), air temperature (d) and precipitation (e) in QD, TPJ and DGD stations every 10 minutes from 12:00 BJT 11 to 02:00 BJT 12

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图 6 2019年8月11日08时至12日08时青岛站探空曲线

Fig. 6 GPS soundings at QD station from 08：00 BJT 11 to 08：00 BJT 12 August 2019

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图 7 2019年8月10日08时至12日20时青岛站探空观测数据计算垂直风切变和静力稳定度（a）及Ri数及相对湿度的时间序列（b）

图a中等值线表示静力稳定度（单位：K/100 m），图b中等值线表示Ri数

Fig. 7 The time series of vertical wind shear and static stability (a), relative humidity and Richardson number calculated (b), from GPS sounding data at QD station from 08:00 BJT 11 to 20:00 BJT 12 August 2019

Contours in Fig. a: static stability of atmosphere (unit: K/100 m), contours in Fig. b: Richardson number

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图 8 2019年8月11日20时ERA5再分析850 hPa（a）、900 hPa（b）和975 hPa（c）等压面气象要素场

图c中海表面温度(℃)以黑色实线标注（27℃等温线以短虚线标注）；黑色小圆点和折线表示11日08时至12日05时每小时台风中心位置和移动路径，11日20时台风中心位置以黑色大圆点标注，3个黑框空心圆表示青岛站、太平角站、大公岛站位置

Fig. 8 ERA5 reanalysis of atmospheric quantities on 850 hPa (a), 900 hPa (b) and 975 hPa (c) levels at 20:00 BJT 11 August 2019

Contours in Fig.c: sea surface temperature(℃) marked by black lines (the 27℃ isoline marked in dotted lines), the hourly locations and the moving track of typhoon center are marked by small black dots with connecting lines from 08:00 BJT 11 to 05:00 BJT 12 August, the big black dot marks the typhoon center at 20:00 BJT 11 August, the QD, TPJ and DGD stations are marked with black circles

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图 9 太平角站不同高度空气微团的后向追踪结果分析，包括空气微团的每小时移动路径（a）、位温（b）、大气边界层高度（c）和比湿（d）

图a中灰色虚线表示11日OISST海温(℃)；空气微团移动路径起始时间为11日21时，追踪时间18 h，终止时间为11日03时，每小时空气微团位置以黑色符号标注；空气微团起始高度分别为10 m（□）、500 m（▲）、900 m（+）和1300 m（×），灰色圆点表示11日03时至12日05时每小时台风中心位置，11日21时台风中心位置以灰色大圆点表示

Fig. 9 The trajectories of airflow from different levels at TPJ station, including the hourly track (a), potential temperature (b), atmospheric boundary layer (c) and specific humidity (d)

In Fig.a, grey dotted contours: OISST(℃) on 11 August, black symbols: hourly locations in trajectories of airflow from 10 m (□), 500 m (▲), 900 m (+) and 13:00 m (×) in 18 hours from 21:00 BJT 11 to 03:00 BJT 11, small gray circles: the hourly locations of typhoon center from 03:00 BJT 11 to 05:00 BJT 12, big gray circle: the typhoon center at 21:00 BJT 11

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图 10 青岛及其近海地区空气微团后向追踪结果的分类统计，包括3类空气微团的平均每小时移动路径（A）、大气边界层高度（B）和比湿（C）

图A中各类空气微团初始区域以虚线边框标注，追踪时间同图9，初始高度为10 m，每小时路径a（□）、路径b（▲）和路径c（×）的空气微团位置以符号标注，台风中心位置标注同图9

Fig. 10 Area synthesis of trajectories in Qingdao and offshore, including the average hourly track (A), atmospheric boundary layer (B) and specific humidity (C) of the airflows in three areas

In Fig. A, dotted frame: initial areas of trajectories, symbols: synthetic trajectories of airflows in area a(□), area b(▲), and area c(×) from 10m, the period of trajectories and hourly locations of typhoon center are same as in Fig.9

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图 11 2019年8月11日20时沿119.5°E（a）、120.25°E（b）和121°E（c）经线的纬度−高度剖面

各图的上图中，阴影为相对湿度，流线为径向风速(m/s)和垂直速度[−Pa/(100 s)]，红色等值线为绝热下沉项[K/(10⁴s)]，各路径起始位置以▲标注，此时台风中心位于35.8°N，120.2°E

Fig. 11 The latitude-height profile maps along 119.5°E (a), 120.25°E (b) and 121°E (c) at 20:00 BJT 11 August 2019

In upper figures, shaded: relative humidity, streamlines: radial winds (m/s) and vertical velocity [−Pa/(100 s)], red contours: adiabatic sinking term [K/(10⁴s)], ▲ marks the original position of each trajectory, the typhoon center was in 35.8°N，120.2°E

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表 1 本文使用的各种数据的基本信息

Tab. 1 Basic information about various data used in the present paper

名称	变量	空间分辨率	时间分辨率
地面气象站观测	气温、相对湿度、大气能见度、降水量、10 min平均水平风向风速、降雨量等	−	10 min
L波段雷达探空观测	气温、气压、相对湿度、水平风向风速	10 m	每日8时和20时
海洋浮标观测	海温	−	10 min
风廓线加密观测	水平风向风速	10 m	每日2时
ICOADS船舶观测	坐标、时间、水平风向风速、大气能见度、云量、云高、气温、海温、天气现象等	−	任意时间
OISST V2	海温	0.25° × 0.25°	日平均
MTSAT-1R云图	亮温	0.05° × 0.05°	1 h
ERA5再分析数据	气温、相对湿度、比湿、经向和纬向风速、垂直速度	0.25° × 0.25°; 25 hPa	1 h

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表 2 ICOADS船舶观测数据

Tab. 2 ICOADS ship observations data

位置	日期（日/时）	风向/（°）	风速/（m·s⁻¹）	大气能见度/km	天气现象	气温/℃	海温/℃	云量/成	云高/m
34.7°N， 119.4°E	11/16	270	11.3	4	连续性中雨	25	25	不明	1500～2000
	11/17	270	9.3	4	连续性中雨	26	26	不明	>2500
	11/18	270	7.7	4	间歇性小雨	26	26	不明	>2500
	11/19	240	9.8	4	云在增厚	24	22.5	9～10	1000～1500
	11/20	−	−	2	云在变薄	24	22.5	9～10	2000～2500
	11/21	240	12.9	2	云在变薄	23	21.5	9～10	2000～2500
	11/22	−	−	2	云无变化	23	21.5	9～10	2000～2500
	11/23	−	−	2	云无变化	23	21.5	9～10	2000～2500
	12/00	250	7.7	10	云在增厚	23	21.5	2～3	1000～1500

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