长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

苟富刚; 龚绪龙; 刘源

doi:10.12284/hyxb2023172

长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023172

苟富刚^{1, 2,},
龚绪龙^{1, 2},
刘源^{1, 2}

1.
江苏省地质调查研究院，江苏南京 210049
2.
自然资源部地裂缝地质灾害重点实验室，江苏南京 210049

基金项目: 中国地质调查局项目（1212011220005）；国家自然科学基金项目（42007402，41772327）；江苏地质勘查项目（苏财资环〔2022〕27号）。

详细信息

作者简介:
苟富刚（1985—），男，高级工程师，主要从事特殊土与环境地质方面的研究工作。E-mail：goufugang@foxmail.com

中图分类号: P736.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-08
- 修回日期: 2023-03-30
- 刊出日期: 2024-03-31

Geochemical characteristics of water and soil environment and its environmental indicating significances since the Pleistocene in the northern flank of the Changjiang River Delta

Gou Fugang^{1, 2
,},
Gong Xulong^{1, 2},
Liu Yuan^{1, 2}

1.
Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210049, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Earth Fissures Geological Disaster, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210049, China

摘要

摘要: 江苏沿海平原是江苏省域水资源脆弱带，地下水咸化已成为较为严重的生态环境问题。为了解析长江三角洲北翼地区更新世以来地下水的补给及其盐分来源，布设一口275 m的深井HYRD1，全孔连续采集易溶盐样品、土工样品、水样。在区域采集地表水、浅层与深层地下水、海水样品。采用易溶盐指标结合土工指标（含水率、湿密度、比重）获取了HYRD1高精度孔隙水的水化学特征。采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法等结合δD、δ¹⁸O数据、¹⁴C测年数据解析了更新世以来地下水的补给及其盐分来源。结果表明：土体盐分主要为NaCl，盐渍土占比为25%。盐渍土主要分布在Q_p3弱透水层、Q_p2地层与Q_p1上段地层。孔隙水水化学类型为Cl−Na型（仅Q_p1下段个别点为${{\rm{HCO}}^-_3}- $$ {\rm{Ca}}\cdot {\rm{Na}}$），微咸水占比7%，咸水占比49%，盐水占比44%。微咸水主要分布在Q_p1下段砂层中。潜水的δ¹⁸O、δD说明潜水来源为大气降水，且受到了较为强烈的蒸发作用。弱透水层孔隙水、承压水的δ¹⁸O、δD投点位于标准海水稀释线附近，且随着深度的增加，δ¹⁸O、δD有减小趋势，说明海水混合作用随着深度的增加而减小。Q_p1弱透水层多见钙质结核，说明了Q_p1地层成土后受到了强烈的蒸发作用。HYRD1 Q_p1上段及上覆地层盐分主要来源于5期海侵、蒸发盐岩与硅酸盐风化溶解，Q_p1下段地层盐分主要来源为地壳源。地下水化学成分受到了水岩作用、蒸发浓缩作用与人类活动等的影响。
- 沉积环境 /
- 含盐特征 /
- 易溶盐 /
- 孔隙水 /
- 弱透水层 /
- 沿海含水层
Abstract: The coastal plain of Jiangsu Province is a fragile zone of water resources in Jiangsu Province, and groundwater salinization has become a serious ecological problem. In order to analyze the groundwater recharge and its salinity sources in the north flank of the Changjiang River Delta since Pleistocene, a 275 m deep well HYRD1 was deployed and the whole hole was continuously collected with easily soluble salt samples, geotechnical samples and water samples. Surface water, shallow and deep groundwater, and seawater samples were collected in the area. The hydrochemical characteristics of Well HYRD1 high-precision porewater were obtained by using soluble salt index combined with geotechnical index (water content, wet density, specific gravity). In order to analyze the groundwater recharge and its salt source since Pleistocene, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram and ion ratio method were used in combination with δD and δ¹⁸O data and ¹⁴C data. The results show that the salinity of Well HYRD1 soil is mainly NaCl, and the percentage of saline soil is 25%. The saline soils are mainly distributed in the Q_p3 aquitard, Q_p2 stratum and the upper part of Q_p1 stratum. The water chemistry type of porewater is Cl-Na type (only the lower section of Q_p1 is HCO$_3^- $-Ca·Na at individual points), 7% of brackish water, 49% of saline water and 44% of haline water. The brackish water is mainly distributed in the sand layer of the lower section of Q_p1. The δ¹⁸O and δD of diving indicate that the source of diving is atmospheric precipitation and is subject to a relatively strong evaporation effect. The δ¹⁸O and δD of the aquitard pore water and pressurized water are located near the standard seawater dilution line, and the trend of δ¹⁸O and δD decreases with the increase of depth, which indicates that the porewater is subjected to the mixing effect of seawater decreases with the increase of depth. Calcareous nodules are mostly seen in the Q_p1 aquitard, indicating that the Q_p1 aquitard was subjected to strong evaporation after soil formation. The salinity of the upper part of Well HYRD1 Q_p1 and the overlying strata is mainly from the 5th stage sea erosion, evaporite and silicate weathering dissolution. The salinity of the lower part of Q_p1 is mainly from the crustal source. The groundwater chemistry is influenced by water-rock action, evaporation concentration and human activities.
- sedimentary environment /
- saline characteristics /
- soluble salts /
- porewater /
- aquitard /
- coastal aquifers

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图 1 研究区地理位置和采样点位

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the study area and sampling locations

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图 2 HYRD1岩心照片

a、b、c为Q_h地层；d、c、f、g为Q_p3地层；h、i、j、k、l为Q_p2地层；m、n、o、p、q、r、s、t为Q_p1上段地层；u、v、w、x为Q_p1下段地层

Fig. 2 Core photos of Well HYRD1

a, b, and c refer to the Q_h stratum; d, c, f, and g represent the Q_p3 stratum; h, i, j, k, and l represent the Q_p2 stratum; m, n, o, p, q, r, s, and t are the upper stratum of Q_p1; u, v, w, and x represent the lower stratum of Q_p1

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图 3 HYRD1各沉积单元土体易溶盐指标

Fig. 3 Soil soluble salt index of each sediment unit of Well HYRD1

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图 4 HYRD1各沉积单元孔隙水水化学特征

Fig. 4 Porewater hydrochemical characteristics of each sedimentary unit of Well HYRD1

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图 5 研究区地下水（砂层）¹⁴C年龄

Fig. 5 ¹⁴C age of groundwater (sand layer) in the study area

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图 6 研究区孔隙水氢氧同位素分布特征

Fig. 6 Hydrogen and oxygen isotope distribution characteristics of groundwater in the study area

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图 7 HYRD1孔隙水Piper三线图（坐标数字以百分数计）

Fig. 7 Well HYRD1porewater Piper trilinear diagram (the coordinate figures are in percentage)

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图 8 HYRD1孔隙水中Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺与Cl⁻的关系

Fig. 8 Relationship between Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺ with Cl⁻ in Well HYRD1 porewater

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图 9 孔隙水中[(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) − (HCO$_3^- $ + SO$_4^{2-}$)]与[(Na⁺ + K⁺) − Cl⁻]的离子当量关系

Fig. 9 Ionic equivalence of [(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) − (HCO$_3^- $ + SO$_4^{2-}$)] and [(Na⁺ + K⁺) − Cl⁻] in porewater

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图 10 HYRD1孔隙水Gibbs图

Fig. 10 Well HYRD1 porewater Gibbs plot

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图 11 研究区孔隙水的化学侵蚀模式

Fig. 11 Chemical erosion mode of porewater in the study area

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图 12 研究区更新世以来的海侵界线

海侵界线来自文献[56]，苏北盆地界线来自文献[57]

Fig. 12 Sea erosion boundaries since the Pleistocene in the study area

The marine invasion boundary comes from reference [56], and the boundary of the Subei Basin comes from reference [57]

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图 13 研究区更新世以来的海侵特征与沉积阶段划分

Fig. 13 Characteristics of transgression and division of sedimentary stages since Pleistocene

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表 1 土层按含盐量统计与分类

Tab. 1 Statistics and classification of soil layers according to salt content

层位	含盐量/%			按含盐量分类统计/%
层位	最小值	最大值	平均值	非盐渍土	弱盐渍土
潜水（Q_h，粉土、粉质黏土）	0.14	0.17	0.15	100	0
弱透水层（Q_h）	0.45	0.45	0.45	0	100
微承压水（Q_h）	0.16	0.25	0.21	100	0
弱透水层（Q_p3）	0.20	0.59	0.38	33	67
砂层（Q_p3）	0.08	0.24	0.15	100	0
弱透水层（Q_p2）	0.49	0.58	0.53	0	100
砂层（Q_p2）	0.09	0.46	0.26	72	28
弱透水层（Q_p1上段）	0.20	0.49	0.35	10	90
砂层（Q_p1上段）	0.09	0.46	0.26	8	92
弱透水层（Q_p1下段）	0.06	0.15	0.11	100	0
砂层（Q_p1下段）	0.04	0.07	0.05	100	0

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表 2 孔隙水按照矿化度统计与分类

Tab. 2 Statistics and classification of pore water according to mineralization degree

层位	矿化度/(g·L⁻¹)			各类型占比/%
层位	最小值	最大值	平均值	微咸水	咸水	盐水
潜水（Q_h，粉土、粉质黏土）	4.67	6.6	5.71	−	100	−
弱透水层（Q_h）	19.27	19.27	19.27	−	0	100
微承压水（Q_h）	7.36	11.31	8.88	−	86	14
弱透水层（Q_p3）	5.91	17.46	12.2	−	50	50
I承压水（Q_p3）	3.08	8.53	6.07	−	100	−
弱透水层（Q_p2）	21.28	27.63	23.9	−	0	100
II承压水（Q_p2）	4.91	21.27	11.37	−	45	55
弱透水层（Q_p1上段）	8.16	18.14	13.23	−	15	85
III承压水（Q_p1上段）	4.33	32.41	11.44	−	50	50
弱透水层（Q_p1下段）	2.77	6.06	4.36	22	78	−
III承压水（Q_p1下段）	1.78	3.01	2.14	80	20	−

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表 3 水化学类型划分统计（%）

Tab. 3 Statistical of water chemistry type classification (%)

层位	Cl−Na−B	Cl−Na−C	Cl·HCO₃−Na−B	Cl·SO₄−Na−B	Cl·SO₄−Na−C	Cl·SO₄−Na·Ca−B
潜水（Q_h，弱透水层）	75	−	25	−	−	−
弱透水层（Q_h）	−	100	−	−	−	−
微承压水（Q_h）	72	14	−	14	−	−
弱透水层（Q_p3）	50	50	−	−	−	−
I承压水（Q_p3）	100		−	−	−	−
弱透水层（Q_p2）	−	100	−	−	−	−
II承压水（Q_p2）	41	55	4	−	−	−
弱透水层（Q_p1上段）	21	79	−	−	−	−
III承压水（Q_p1上段）	50	46	−	−	4	−
弱透水层（Q_p1下段）	56	−	33	−	−	11
III承压水（Q_p1下段）	20	−	80	−	−	−

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表 4 孔隙水中的溶解性总固体（TDS）、Cl⁻、Na⁺含量与易溶盐指标中的含盐量、Na⁺、Cl⁻含量的相关性分析

Tab. 4 Correlation analysis of contents of total dissolved solids (TDS), Cl⁻, Na⁺ in porewater with the contents of salt, Cl⁻, Na⁺ in the soluble salt index

指标		土体			孔隙水
指标		含盐量	Na⁺	Cl⁻	TDS	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	$ {{\rm {HCO}_3^-}}$	Cl⁻	$ {{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $
土体	含盐量	1.000
	Na⁺	0.988**	1.000
	Cl⁻	0.992**	0.975**	1.000
孔隙水	TDS	0.798**	0.810**	0.773**	1.000
	Na⁺	0.776**	0.808**	0.747**	0.990**	1.000
	K⁺	0.380**	0.369**	0.357**	0.662**	0.621**	1.000
	Ca²⁺	0.572**	0.467**	0.615**	0.483**	0.381**	0.214*	1.000
	Mg²⁺	0.663**	0.574**	0.674**	0.648**	0.549**	0.570**	0.762**	1.000
	$ {{\rm {HCO}_3^-}}$	−0.207*	−0.174	−0.267**	0.085	0.109	0.044	−0.212*	−0.299**	1.000
	Cl⁻	0.843**	0.850**	0.833**	0.989**	0.976**	0.631**	0.542**	0.684**	−0.018	1.000
	$ {{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}}$	0.567**	0.579**	0.498**	0.853**	0.842**	0.674**	0.258**	0.558**	0.103867	0.789**	1.000
注： *表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关，发生概率为99%；表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关，发生概率为95%。

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表 5 孔隙水溶解性总固体（TDS）含量与土体中含盐量、Na⁺、Cl⁻含量关系拟合式

Tab. 5 Fitting equation for the relationship between porewater total dissolved solids (TDS) content and the contents of salt, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the soil

层位	拟合关系式	x	相关系数	编号
全孔	y = 0.011 1x + 2.103 6	Na⁺	0.810	（4）
全孔	y = 0.006 4x + 3.277 4	Cl⁻	0.773	（5）
全孔	y = 36.282x + 1.887 1	含盐量	0.796	（6）
Q_h	y = 0.007x + 2.136 5	Cl⁻	0.883	（7）
Q_p1	y = 0.005 7x + 3.776 4	Cl⁻	0.778	（8）
Q_p1上段	y = 0.006 5x + 4.706	Cl⁻	0.660	（9）
Q_p1下段	y = 0.006 7x + 1.365	Cl⁻	0.937	（10）
Q_h	y = 0.013 5x − 0.333 8	Na⁺	0.858	（11）
Q_p1	y = 0.009 9x + 2.465 7	Na⁺	0.827	（12）
Q_p1上段	y = 0.011 8x + 3.129 3	Na⁺	0.726	（13）
Q_p1下段	y = 0.010 9x + 0.874	Na⁺	0.930	（14）
Q_h	y = 39.926x − 0.006 9	含盐量	0.917	（15）
Q_p1	y = 32.154x + 2.502 3	含盐量	0.810	（16）
Q_p1上段	y = 37.664x + 3.118 9	含盐量	0.693	（17）
Q_p1下段	y = 37.693x + 0.209 8	含盐量	0.998	（18）

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