Effects of litter decomposition of Gracilaria lemaneiformis segments on environment and its succession characteristics of bacterial community
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摘要: 为解析大型海藻龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）阴干藻段凋落分解对环境的影响及细菌群落演替规律，本文通过室内模拟凋落实验，分析了龙须菜凋落物分解过程中营养盐含量变化及藻体、水体、沉积物细菌群落结构特征。结果发现，龙须菜阴干藻段在较短时间内迅速凋落分解，50 d时，藻体分解率达到83.5%。凋落过程中，水体总有机碳、总氮、总磷的含量分别较初始时升高了241.2%、229.8%和101.3%。水体溶解氧含量从初始的1.87 mg/L降至第50天的0.32 mg/L，降幅达82.9%。凋落过程中，龙须菜藻体附着细菌数量维持在107 copy/g。凋落物藻体附着细菌丰富度与多样性在凋落分解过程中持续升高。优势菌群落结构变化受水体总有机碳、总氮、总磷和溶解氧含量影响显著，其中浮霉菌门、螺旋体门、厚壁菌门、δ-变形菌相对丰度不断上升，拟杆菌门、α-变形菌、γ-变形菌相对丰度不断下降。凋落过程中，凋落物藻体附着细菌中与代谢相关的功能基因丰度持续下降。结果表明，龙须菜藻体凋落会导致水体营养盐浓度升高，浮霉菌门、螺旋体门、厚壁菌门、δ-变形菌等细菌对龙须菜的凋落分解具有重要作用。Abstract: In order to clarify the effects of litter decomposition of Gracilaria lemaneiformis segments on environment and the succession of bacterial community, the characteristics of nutrient content in seaweed, water and sediment, and succession characteristics of bacterial community attached to the seaweed, water and sediment were carried out by the simulation experiment. The results showed that its decomposition rate reached 83.5% after 50 d. The content of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in water increased by 241.2%, 229.8% and 101.3%, respectively, compared with the initial period. The content of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water decreased by 82.9%, which from 1.87 mg/L to 0.32 mg/L. In addition, the number of bacteria attached to G. lemanei-formis remained at 107 copy/g, while the richness and diversity of bacteria continued to increase during the decomposition processes. The bacteria community structure was significantly affected by total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and DO in water. The relative abundances of Planctomycetes, Spirochaetae, Firmicutes and δ-Proteobacteria increased, while that of Bacteroidetes, α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria decreased. During the process of decomposition, the functional gene abundance of metabolism attached to G. lemaneiformis continued to decline. Briefly, the results indicated that decomposition of G. lemaneiformis segments would lead to the increasing of nutrient concentration in water. And Planctomycetes, Spirochaetae, Firmicutes and δ-Proteobacteria played important roles in the process of decomposing of G. lemaneiformis.
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Key words:
- Gracilaria lemaneiformis /
- decompose /
- environmental factors /
- bacterial community
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图 1 龙须菜凋落物干重（A）、藻体总碳（B）、总氮（C）、总磷（D）剩余量变化情况
不同小写字母表示龙须菜组不同时间点的数据差异显著（p < 0.05）
Fig. 1 Changes of dry weight (A), total carbon (B), total nitrogen (C), and total phosphorus (D) remaining contents of the Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter
Different lowercase letters indicated significant difference in data at different time points in the Gracilaria lemaneiformis group (p < 0.05)
图 2 实验始末水体（A）、沉积物（B）、龙须菜藻体附着（C）细菌数量的比较
GW0和GW50分别表示第0天和第50天龙须菜组的水体样本；CW0和CW50分别表示第0天和第50天对照组的水体样本；GS0和GS50分别表示第0天和第50天龙须菜组的沉积物样本；CS0和CS50分别表示第0天和第50天对照组的沉积物样本；GL0和GL50分别表示第0天和第50天的凋落物藻体附着样本；图A细菌数量单位为copy/mL，图B、C细菌数量单位为copy/g
Fig. 2 Composition of bacterial number in water (A), sediment (B) and surface of Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter (C) at the beginning and end of the experiment
GW0 and GW50 represent water samples from Gracilaria lemaneiformis group at 0 d and 50 d; CW0 and CW50 represent water samples from control group at 0 d and 50 d; GS0 and GS50 represent sediment samples from Gracilaria lemaneiformis group at 0 d and 50 d; CS0 and CS50 represent sediment samples from control group at 0 d and 50 d; GL0 and GL50 represent the samples from surface of Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter at 0 d and 50 d, respectively; the unit of bacteria number in Fig A is copy/mL, the unit of bacteria number in Fig B, C is copy/g
图 3 实验始末系统门水平细菌群落相对丰度
Fig. 3 Relative abundance of bacteria community structure at the phylum level at the beginning and end of the experiment
图 4 龙须菜凋落过程藻体附着细菌数量（单位：copy/g）
GL0、GL5、GL20、GL35和GL50分别表示第0天、第5天、第20天、第35天和第50天的凋落物藻体附着样本
Fig. 4 Number of bacteria attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter (unit: copy/g)
GL0, GL5, GL20, GL35 and GL50 represent the samples from surface of Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter at 0 d, 5 d , 20 d, 35 d and 50 d, respectively
图 5 龙须菜藻体附着细菌Ace指数（a）、Chao1指数（b）、Simpson指数（c）、Shannon指数（d）变化情况
Fig. 5 Variation of Ace index (a), Chao1 index (b), Simpson index (c), Shannon index (d) of bacteria attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter
图 6 龙须菜凋落过程藻体附着细菌群落门水平相对丰度
Fig. 6 Relative abundance of bacteria community at the phylum level attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter
图 7 龙须菜凋落过程藻体附着细菌群落属水平相对丰度
Fig. 7 Relative abundance of bacterial community at the genus level attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter
图 8 龙须菜凋落过程藻体附着细菌基因簇在第2层级KEGG功能预测分类
Fig. 8 The predicted KEGG function at level 2 classification of bacterial communities attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter
图 9 基因簇在第2层级KEGG功能预测基因总丰度
Fig. 9 Abundance of prediction gene by KEGG function of gene cluster at level 2
图 10 龙须菜凋落过程藻体附着优势菌门与环境因子的RDA
Fig. 10 RDA ordination of dominant bacteria attached to Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter with environmental factors
表 1 龙须菜凋落过程中水体和沉积物理化环境特征
Tab. 1 Physicochemical properties of the water and sediment during Gracilaria lemaneiformis litter decomposition periods
环境特征 第0天 第5天 第20天 第35天 第50天 对照组 龙须菜组 对照组 龙须菜组 对照组 龙须菜组 对照组 龙须菜组 对照组 龙须菜组 水温/℃ 18.40 ± 0B 18.27 ± 0.12b 21.20 ± 0A 21.27 ± 0.06a 21.09 ± 0.08A 21.08 ± 0.07a 16.79 ± 0.07D 16.86 ± 0.08c 17.98 ± 0.03C 18.06 ± 0.04b 盐度 29.74 ± 0.05A 29.71 ± 0.16a 29.59 ± 0.08A 29.53 ± 0.17a 29.77 ± 0.12A 29.87 ± 0.21a 29.94 ± 0.12A 30.09 ± 0.28a 29.93 ± 0.13A 30.25 ± 0.18a pH 7.80 ± 0.02A 7.68 ± 0.05a 7.59 ± 0.02B 6.73 ± 0.12c 7.59 ± 0.02B 6.89 ± 0.14bc 7.37 ± 0.06D 6.90 ± 0.10bc 7.50 ± 0C 7.13 ± 0.12b 溶解氧含量/
(mg·L−1)2.06 ± 0.03C 1.87 ± 0.06a 2.53 ± 0.14B 0.07 ± 0.02c 2.56 ± 0.30B 0.14 ± 0.02c 3.63 ± 0.36A 0.29 ± 0.04b 3.47 ± 0.20A 0.32 ± 0.03b 水体总有机碳
含量/(mg·L−1)2.10 ± 0.28A 2.62 ± 0.36c 2.39 ± 0.32A 6.24 ± 0.58b 2.07 ± 0.18A 10.25 ± 0.48a 2.41 ± 0.41A 8.57 ± 1.19a 2.38 ± 0.23A 8.94 ± 0.48a 水体总氮含量/
(mg·L−1)4.65 ± 0.11B 12.67 ± 0.68e 11.23 ± 2.50A 16.83 ± 1.95de 9.04 ± 1.80A 22.23 ± 2.28c 5.18 ± 0.79B 31.38 ± 4.55b 5.10 ± 0.51B 41.78 ± 2.54a 水体总磷
含量/(mg·L−1)0.23 ± 0A 0.75 ± 0.06c 0.17 ± 0B 0.74 ± 0.33c 0.18 ± 0.04AB 1.57 ± 0.23a 0.08 ± 0.03C 1.29 ± 0.07ab 0.09 ± 0.02C 1.51 ± 0.26a 沉积物总碳
含量/(mg·g−1)60.97 ± 2.22A 62.07 ± 1.17a \ 59.37 ± 1.62a \ 58.77 ± 1.65a \ 58.80 ± 2.65a 57.63 ± 2.15A 50.50 ± 9.28a 沉积物总氮
含量/(mg·g−1)7.33 ± 0.21A 7.33 ± 0.15a \ 7.57 ± 0.12a \ 6.97 ± 0.21a \ 7.20 ± 0.35a 7.03 ± 0.42A 6.20 ± 1.13a 沉积物总磷
含量/(mg·g−1)0.81 ± 0.03A 0.82 ± 0.02a \ 0.78 ± 0.01a \ 0.76 ± 0.02a \ 0.80 ± 0.04a 0.81 ± 0.06A 0.81 ± 0.22a 注：同行不同大写字母表示对照组间不同时间点的数据差异显著（p < 0.05），同行不同小写字母表示龙须菜组间不同时间点的数据差异显著（p < 0.05）；“\”代表未测定。 
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