Distribution and development characteristics of submarine pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef
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摘要: 海底麻坑是地层中流体沿着运移通道溢出海底，侵蚀海底沉积物形成的凹陷地貌。本文利用最新获取的船测高分辨率水深数据和浅地层剖面数据，对南海日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育规律进行了研究。基于高分辨率地貌学特征和浅地层剖面规律识别并统计了区内219个总体规模较大的麻坑，经分析发现，海水水深和麻坑规模具有较弱相关性：水深与麻坑直径、坑深呈不明显正相关，直径与内壁坡度呈不明显负相关。揭示了区内特殊地貌和麻坑的分布、形态、变化之间的内在关系：圆形和椭圆形普通麻坑多分布于海丘丘顶部位；半月型大型麻坑多分布于海丘中下部；而串珠状拉长型巨型麻坑则主要分布于深海丘间峡谷。本区麻坑形态和规模从丘顶到峡谷的变化直接对应了麻坑不同阶段的发育过程，其本质受区内构造和动力学控制。Abstract: Submarine pockmark is a depression landform formed by fluid spilling out of the seabed along the migration path and eroding the seafloor sediments. In this paper, the distribution and development of pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef in the South China Sea are studied by using high-resolution bathymetric data and sub-bottom profile data. Based on the characteristics of high-resolution geomorphology and the laws of sub-bottom profile, 219 large scale pockmarks in the area were identified and counted, there is weak correlation between seawater depth and pockmark scale: seawater depth has no obvious positive correlation with diameter and depth of pockmark, and has no obvious negative correlation with inner slope of pockmark. It reveals the internal relationship between the special geomorphology and the distribution, shape and change of pockmark: the round and elliptical pockmarks are mostly distributed on the top of the sea knoll, the half-moon type pockmarks are mostly distributed in the middle and lower part of the sea knoll, while the bead-like elongated type pockmarks are mainly distributed in the canyon between the deep sea knolls. It is concluded that the change of the pockmark shape and scale which are from the top of the sea knoll to the canyon directly corresponds to the development process of the pockmark in different stages, and that the pockmarks are essentially influenced by the tectonics and dynamics control of the area.
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Key words:
- pockmark /
- tectonic geomorphology /
- genesis /
- evolution
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图 2 研究区海底地形及麻坑分布
Fig. 2 Submarine topography and distribution of pockmarks in the study area
图 4 研究区麻坑水深与直径、坑深关系图
Fig. 4 The relations of water depth, pockmarks diameter and depth in the study area
图 5 研究区麻坑直径与内壁坡度、坑深关系图
Fig. 5 The relations of pockmarks diameter, slope, depth in the study area
图 6 研究区各类麻坑尺寸和水深关系图
Fig. 6 The relations of water depth and all types of pockmarks size in the study area
图 7 世界海底麻坑水深与直径、坑深关系图
Fig. 7 The relations of water depth, pockmarks diameter and depth in the world
图 8 研究区麻坑地貌与形态分布示意图
Fig. 8 The schematic map of pockmarks geomorphology and shape distribution in the study area
图 9 海丘M2附近麻坑到丘顶的距离与坑深、直径关系图
Fig. 9 The relations of distance from the pockmarks beside sea knoll
$ {{\text{M}}_2} $ to the knoll top, depth, diameter
图 10 研究区麻坑发育过程示意图
Fig. 10 The schematic map of the development process of pockmarks in the study area
表 1 研究区各类型麻坑数量
Tab. 1 Various types of pockmarks quantity in the study area
麻坑形态 个数 不同规模麻坑数量/个 不同剖面形态麻坑数量/个 普通 大型 巨型 U型 V型 W型 圆形 15 6 3 6 10 3 2 椭圆形 113 29 18 66 82 21 10 拉长形 25 1 2 22 10 2 13 新月形 66 1 6 59 0 0 66 总计 219 37 29 153 102 26 91 
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表 2 世界海底麻坑尺寸和水深
Tab. 2 Submarine pockmark size and water depth in the world
麻坑所在地区 水深/m 直径/m 坑深/m 数据
来源最小 最大 最小 最大 平均值 最小 最大 平均值 中建南盆地北部 100 1 500 1 500 7 900 / 20 200 / 文献[28] 中建南盆地中部 / 1 600 2 000 3 000 / 1 00 200 / 文献[28] 中建南盆地南部 800 1 400 500 1 500 / 50 150 / 文献[28] 中建南盆地北斜坡 / 1 000 / / 1 000 / / 100 文献[28] 北黄海盆地 48 58.1 200 3 800 940 0.3 2.5 / 文献[40] 北黄海 20 60 550 2 500 / / / 0.5 文献[18] 舟山群岛
附近海域20 50 130 500 / / / 27 文献[20] 礼乐盆地 600 1 300 325 2 402 874 4.5 105 33 文献[29] 琼东南盆地 / 170 400 1 200 600 4 18 10 文献[26] 莺歌海盆地 / 100 5 26 / 0.5 6.7 / 文献[26] 莺东斜坡带 10 50 0.5 2 / 0.5 1 / 文献[26] 西沙海域隆起区 350 1 100 870 3 210 1 640 / 165.2 96.7 文献[39] 西沙海台 / 600 / / 600 20 30 / 文献[39] 西沙群岛西 / 800 1 000 2 000 / 100 200 / 文献[39] 广乐隆起北 / 470 500 1 000 / 20 50 / 文献[28] 广乐隆起南 / 450 / / 1 000 20 60 / 文献[28] 西非木泥河盆地 800 1 600 250 440 / 20 60 / 文献[16] 尼日尔三角洲盆地 1 000 2 000 40 1 000 / / / 150 文献[17] 挪威边缘海中部 600 800 35 320 / / / 15 文献[41] 挪威奥斯陆峡湾 14 71 20 50 / 2 10 / 文献[21] 非洲西部浅水区 75 800 300 600 / 20 30 / 文献[38] 非洲西部深水区 540 1 800 50 1 500 / 20 95 / 文献[38] 印度西部大陆边缘 145 330 70 514 157 50 136 83 文献[13] 外马里盆地 1 000 1 400 500 4 000 / 50 200 / 文献[42] 丹麦北海 1 000 2 500 / / 2 500 / / 30 文献[43] 注：“/”表示没有收集到数据。
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