Geochemical characteristics and resource potentiality evaluation of tellurium in Co-rich crusts from the Mid-West Pacific Ocean
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摘要: 根据太平洋海山群(中太平洋海山群、莱恩海山链)和西太平洋海山群(麦哲伦海山群、马尔库斯维克海山群、马绍尔海山群)5个海山群14座海山的185个富钴结壳样品的碲元素分析测试,研究了其组成特征、空间分布规律、赋存相态及资源潜力。结果表明,研究区富钴结壳中碲元素质量分数的变化范围为17.8~145.2 μg/g,平均值为47.4 μg/g;各海山群碲元素的含量范围及区域富集程度存在较大差异,富集程度由高到低依次为麦哲伦海山群、马绍尔海山群、马尔库斯维克海山群、中太平洋海山群和莱恩海山链,区域上呈现自西向东逐渐降低的趋势。碲元素含量与水深呈径向相同、纬向相反的趋势,说明碲元素的富集不仅与结壳在海水中的产出深度有关,还与经纬度、海山地形及区域成矿环境有关。淋滤结果显示碲元素主要富集在铁氧化物及残渣态中,富氧环境和生物作用磷酸盐化对碲的富集成矿起决定性作用。参照陆地伴生有用元素最低工业品位要求,中、西太平洋研究区域海山样品富钴结壳碲元素含量均达到了工业品位要求,具有潜在的开发价值。由富钴结壳储量估算,中、西太平洋富钴结壳中碲储量大于7.63万t,是海底碲资源的重要储备基地。Abstract: In this paper, 185 iron manganeses crustal samples of 14 seamounts in 5 seamount groups of the Pacific seamount group (Central Pacific seamounts, Line seamount Chain) and the Western Pacific seamount group (Magellanic seamounts, Markus−Wake seamounts, marshall seamounts) have been analyzed for tellurium, and their spatial distribution, geochemical characteristics, chemical form and resource potential have been studied. The results show that the variation range of tellurium in cobalt-rich crusts is from 17.8 μg/g to 145.2 μg/g, and the average value is 47.4 μg/g. The content range and regional enrichment degree of tellurium in each seamount are quite different. The enrichment degree in descending order is the Magellanic seamounts, Marshall seamounts, Marcus−Wake seamounts , Central Pacific seamounts and Line seamount Chain, showing a trend of gradually decreasing from west to east, and different seamount groups also show obvious regional distribution characteristics. Tellurium content and water depth profile show the same radial and opposite latitudinal trends, indicating that the enrichment of Te is not only related to the depth of crust in seawater, but also related to the longitude and latitude, seamount topography, and regional metallogenic environment. The leaching results show that tellurium is mainly enriched in iron oxides and residues, and the oxygen-rich environment and biological action of phosphorylation play a decisive role in the enrichment of tellurium. Concerning the minimum industrial grade requirements for terrestrial associated useful elements, the tellurium content in cobalt-rich crusts of seamount samples in the Mid-West Pacific Ocean study areas meets the industrial grade requirements, which has potential development value. According to the estimation of cobalt-rich crust reserves, the tellurium reserves in cobalt-rich crusts in the Mid-West Pacific Ocean are more than 76300 tons, which is an important reserve base for seafloor tellurium resources.ic
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表 1 研究区富钴结壳碲元素含量统计表
Tab. 1 Statistics of tellurium content in crust in the study area
名称 样品数 最大值/
(μg·g−1)最小值/
(μg·g−1)平均值/
(μg·g−1)标准
偏差离散
系数结壳调查区 185 145.2 17.8 47.4 19.6 0.41 麦哲伦海山群 99 108.9 18.5 53.4 17.4 0.33 MG4 39 95.0 37.4 64.0 14.3 0.22 MG5 29 73.9 42.8 53.5 7.2 0.13 MG3 13 108.9 27.5 43.9 21.5 0.49 MG2 8 70.0 27.7 41.6 13.0 0.31 MG1 10 44.2 18.5 27.8 6.8 0.25 马尔库斯维
克海山群17 96.9 27.2 47.1 21.4 0.45 MW3 1 27.2 27.2 27.2 − − MW1 10 87.1 27.6 47.9 19.5 0.41 MW2 6 96.9 30.3 49.1 26.4 0.54 马绍尔海山群 13 145.2 31.2 48.9 30.2 0.62 MS1 13 145.2 31.2 48.9 30.2 0.62 中太平洋
海山群19 93.9 24.2 46.0 18.3 0.40 M1 4 45.5 24.2 32.6 9.4 0.29 M2 15 93.9 24.4 49.6 18.6 0.37 莱恩海山链 37 65.6 17.8 31.8 11.0 0.35 L1 8 46.5 19.4 29.8 9.7 0.32 L2 14 65.6 18.4 36.2 10.4 0.29 L3 15 51.4 17.8 28.5 11.5 0.40 注:“−” 代表只包含一个站位数据,未计算标准偏差和离散系数。 表 2 研究区富钴结壳主要常量、微量元素含量统计表
Tab. 2 Statistics of major and trace elements in Co−rich at crusts of the study area
海山群 海山 参数 常量元素含量/% 微量元素含量/(μg·g−1) SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 Co Ni Cu Zn Ba Pb Sr Mo Ce ∑REE W Mo Te Pt 马尔库斯维克
海山群MW1 最大值 18.32 1.90 3.17 26.82 33.48 2.42 4.49 4.17 0.79 1.67 0.80 0.70 0.30 908 2 746 2 131 1 722 909 1 683 3 212 103 477 87.07 1 183.00 最小值 6.31 1.23 1.17 19.91 24.92 1.66 2.98 2.27 0.56 0.92 0.53 0.33 0.06 498 1 000 1 455 1 289 360 695 1 538 66 252 27.58 118.00 平均值 11.62 1.54 2.06 24.55 29.63 1.95 3.54 2.63 0.69 1.15 0.65 0.47 0.13 624 1 448 1 753 1 424 556 1 108 2 113 77 312 47.88 344.86 样品数 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 10 10 10 14 MW2 最大值 18.29 2.58 3.08 27.96 38.76 2.32 7.74 3.21 0.83 2.83 0.99 0.72 0.15 756 1 600 1 993 1 550 715 1 113 1 943 155 589 96.87 617.74 最小值 2.08 1.29 0.50 16.36 24.09 1.59 2.97 2.08 0.58 0.51 0.41 0.29 0.05 390 1 075 1 492 1 283 464 739 1 610 63 258 30.33 141.00 平均值 11.21 1.72 2.02 23.60 29.87 1.92 3.84 2.48 0.69 1.08 0.65 0.48 0.08 499 1 255 1 840 1 436 579 861 1 771 92 366 49.07 267.50 样品数 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 6 6 6 8 MW3 最大值 19.52 1.51 2.86 26.68 24.65 1.65 2.90 2.51 0.72 0.99 0.52 0.31 0.07 514 1 200 1 587 1 441 491 815 1 689 62 238 27.16 164.00 最小值 15.75 1.37 2.32 25.32 23.19 1.63 2.82 2.28 0.68 0.93 0.48 0.29 0.07 479 1 000 1 543 1 317 453 712 1 437 62 238 27.16 150.00 平均值 17.64 1.44 2.59 26.00 23.92 1.64 2.86 2.40 0.70 0.96 0.50 0.30 0.07 497 1 100 1 565 1 379 472 764 1 563 62 238 27.16 157.00 样品数 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 中太平洋
海山群M1 最大值 14.22 2.10 2.70 26.52 35.57 2.34 9.14 2.95 1.02 4.09 0.84 0.81 0.28 913 2 423 1 719 1 755 633 1 461 2 486 76 315 45.47 408.76 最小值 5.86 1.54 1.42 18.96 26.76 1.39 3.07 2.24 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.33 0.08 495 1 270 1 379 1 159 371 920 1 704 54 249 24.18 131.00 平均值 9.64 1.81 1.88 22.95 29.59 1.82 4.04 2.53 0.70 1.12 0.69 0.46 0.13 617 1 650 1 592 1 402 464 1 161 2 180 64 279 32.58 238.48 样品数 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 3 M2 最大值 14.19 5.62 2.86 29.57 36.24 2.43 19.39 2.78 0.84 9.58 1.13 0.81 0.22 774 1 950 2 145 1 600 764 1 342 2 665 505 616 93.94 784.00 最小值 2.18 1.08 0.50 11.95 26.82 1.70 2.96 2.09 0.53 0.64 0.51 0.28 0.06 500 1 300 0 1 200 348 693 1 596 48 201 24.43 131.85 中太平洋
海山群M2 平均值 8.78 2.08 1.70 22.49 31.81 1.95 5.08 2.38 0.68 1.86 0.74 0.55 0.13 619 1 599 1 708 1 426 548 1 052 2 043 129 320 49.56 411.93 样品数 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 16 16 15 13 麦哲伦
海山群MG3 最大值 19.08 2.95 4.86 38.99 39.35 2.64 12.33 3.21 1.42 6.36 0.95 0.73 0.26 915 2 800 2 428 1 988 628 1 630 2 989 1294 355 108.88 502.00 最小值 5.22 1.64 1.11 19.27 23.54 1.49 2.81 1.88 0.55 0.79 0.34 0.26 0.08 515 628 1 284 628 361 762 1 523 40 179 27.46 94.60 平均值 11.41 1.99 2.68 24.94 27.95 1.82 4.57 2.27 0.78 1.64 0.56 0.41 0.15 670 1 676 1 613 1 384 467 1 135 2 226 160 268 43.88 296.06 样品数 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 13 13 13 14 MG4 最大值 22.38 2.11 4.52 31.13 38.92 2.29 30.05 3.20 1.67 19.22 0.62 0.75 0.22 860 7 970 1 905 2 402 768 1 744 2 739 144 768 95.00 1 115.49 最小值 0.63 0.39 0.74 9.97 18.14 0.87 2.99 0.86 0.34 0.94 0.20 0.30 0.06 506 934 0 1 173 235 591 1 415 35 235 37.44 276.75 平均值 8.61 1.55 2.10 20.47 30.29 1.76 10.21 2.35 0.70 5.19 0.46 0.45 0.12 668 1 953 1 469 1 549 505 1 028 2 039 73 505 64.00 601.59 样品数 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 40 40 39 15 MG5 最大值 12.28 2.22 3.12 26.88 36.03 2.26 22.32 2.83 0.84 13.53 0.83 0.58 0.24 803 4 206 1 948 1 903 662 1 423 2 670 109 662 73.90 985.20 最小值 2.22 1.11 0.93 14.75 24.69 1.13 3.74 1.50 0.46 0.93 0.28 0.28 0.07 563 1 453 1 266 1 285 332 707 1 496 24 332 42.79 330.34 平均值 8.23 2.50 2.76 21.25 28.58 2.57 10.93 3.12 1.57 6.13 1.42 1.38 1.10 637 1 963 1 395 1 509 487 947 1 856 70 487 53.50 542.17 样品数 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 MG1 最大值 18.74 1.97 4.05 29.10 30.08 2.29 8.20 3.30 0.85 4.21 0.72 0.63 0.17 767 1 800 1 798 1 515 572 1 176 2 364 84 314 44.15 360.00 最小值 7.94 1.36 1.20 20.87 20.20 1.73 2.87 2.06 0.52 0.77 0.35 0.23 0.07 486 1 000 1 258 1 250 225 653 1 397 43 187 18.47 91.75 平均值 13.85 1.67 3.20 25.29 25.05 1.94 3.74 2.43 0.72 1.30 0.47 0.39 0.11 617 1 415 1 581 1 377 429 864 1 784 64 256 27.81 206.93 样品数 17 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 10 10 8 MG2 最大值 20.76 2.26 6.23 30.51 32.39 2.06 13.12 3.14 1.81 6.28 0.64 0.53 0.24 778 2 000 1 855 1 712 654 1 344 2 580 132 496 69.97 525.00 麦哲伦
海山群MG2 最小值 5.01 1.49 1.04 20.10 16.92 1.68 2.82 2.17 0.59 0.55 0.34 0.17 0.05 449 1 100 1 136 1 000 288 547 1 187 42 135 27.74 94.10 平均值 13.27 1.88 3.38 25.41 25.25 1.84 4.36 2.41 0.84 1.40 0.48 0.37 0.14 623 1 537 1 541 1 388 445 947 1 842 75 280 41.59 268.12 样品数 21 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 8 8 8 11 马绍尔
海山群MS1 最大值 15.61 2.44 3.54 26.23 37.56 2.21 11.97 2.60 0.97 6.65 1.13 0.80 0.34 899 2 500 4 375 1 800 747 1 657 3 104 111 454 145.15 615.00 最小值 3.76 1.49 0.66 18.33 25.91 1.53 3.16 1.91 0.49 0.68 0.47 0.35 0.06 543 1 200 1 159 1 311 406 744 1 263 65 228 31.16 42.70 平均值 10.43 1.96 2.07 23.82 29.42 1.85 4.00 2.32 0.71 1.21 0.69 0.47 0.16 670 1 606 1 665 1 455 515 1 035 1 947 85 315 48.89 298.11 样品数 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 13 13 13 13 莱恩
海山链L1 最大值 19.52 2.32 2.86 27.06 33.22 2.08 10.63 2.60 0.96 6.04 1.01 0.70 0.23 869 4 918 1 953 1 992 705 1 615 2 649 96 377 46.48 452.00 最小值 4.44 1.37 0.66 20.67 23.19 1.63 2.82 2.04 0.49 0.76 0.48 0.29 0.07 479 1 000 1 066 1 317 427 654 1 201 59 229 19.41 125.00 平均值 9.41 1.84 1.73 24.43 29.19 1.81 3.98 2.32 0.68 1.33 0.64 0.49 0.12 698 2 009 1 374 1 522 558 868 1 625 79 313 29.82 244.31 样品数 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 9 9 8 12 L2 最大值 15.56 2.08 3.85 29.99 36.77 2.62 12.18 2.64 1.06 5.40 1.07 0.95 0.23 906 3 400 2 022 1 800 799 1 671 2 751 3 071 551 65.60 520.00 最小值 2.86 1.23 0.91 13.61 24.78 1.57 2.91 1.88 0.50 0.62 0.29 0.33 0.06 516 1300 831 1300 348 729 1388 62 252 18.35 79.80 平均值 8.70 1.87 1.72 24.73 29.92 1.87 4.14 2.28 0.67 1.32 0.71 0.49 0.13 688 1 921 1 417 1 514 588 1016 1 975 321 374 36.21 269.33 样品数 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 14 14 14 15 L3 最大值 13.34 2.22 2.98 30.45 33.68 2.08 19.16 2.99 0.99 7.64 0.91 0.68 0.26 886 9 100 2 224 2 209 715 1 430 2 343 87 391 51.43 612.00 最小值 5.64 1.54 0.66 20.76 23.48 1.30 2.68 1.66 0.48 0.61 0.23 0.31 0.07 516 1 300 698 1 208 425 583 1 106 35 240 17.82 105.00 平均值 9.18 1.85 1.70 25.97 29.14 1.77 4.37 2.22 0.67 1.33 0.58 0.45 0.14 671 2 333 1 184 1 523 538 840 1 675 69 303 28.54 268.87 样品数 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 15 注:∑REE为稀土总量。 表 3 碲元素与主要常量、微量元素载荷矩阵
Tab. 3 Tellurium element and main element load matrix
成分 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 初始特征值 5.963 3.951 1.734 1.653 1.153 方差/% 33.128 21.949 9.632 9.183 6.405 累积方差/% 33.128 55.077 64.710 73.893 80.297 Ca 0.921 −0.257 −0.098 0.131 −0.071 P 0.915 −0.276 −0.124 0.147 −0.060 Fe −0.835 −0.176 0.084 −0.282 0.159 Si −0.753 −0.497 0.130 0.251 0.023 Sr 0.671 0.058 −0.012 −0.485 −0.059 Pt 0.637 0.088 0.166 0.527 0.218 Ba 0.580 −0.180 0.389 −0.386 −0.141 Ti −0.579 0.245 0.369 −0.207 0.481 Te 0.523 0.294 −0.005 0.481 0.416 Mn 0.143 0.900 −0.101 −0.073 0.111 Ni 0.042 0.893 0.133 0.116 −0.303 Co −0.421 0.736 −0.230 −0.200 0.095 Mg −0.448 0.670 0.159 0.341 −0.213 Na −0.149 0.535 −0.202 0.276 0.018 Al −0.500 −0.525 0.316 0.517 −0.090 Cu 0.015 0.081 0.902 −0.032 −0.038 Zn 0.501 0.417 0.523 −0.041 −0.259 ∑REE 0.539 0.031 0.188 −0.119 0.638 表 4 不同矿物类型碲元素含量比较
Tab. 4 Content comparison of Te elements in different mineral types
表 5 海山富钴结壳碲元素资源量估算
Tab. 5 Statistical table of Te element resources in seamount Co−rich crusts
海山 碲元素含量/(μg∙g−1) 富集系数 平均值/工业品位 大于最低工业品位频率 干结壳量/104 t 碲金属量/t 富钴结壳调查区 47.40 47 395 23.70 100% 156 630 76 330 麦哲伦海山群 53.35 53 354 26.68 100% 79 835 42 595 马尔库斯维克海山群 47.08 47 083 23.54 100% 36 780 17 318 中太平洋海山群 45.99 45 985 22.99 100% 18 606 8 556 马绍尔海山群 48.89 48 887 24.44 100% 6 171 3 017 莱恩海山链 31.79 31 794 15.90 100% 15 236 4 844 注:*碲的工业品位为0.000 2%~0.03%[26],碲的地壳丰度为0.001 μg/g[1]。 -
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