Analysis on the variation characteristics of environmental factors and influencing factors in the process of Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the western waters of Hainan Island
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摘要: 通过2022年3月10−15日在海南岛西部昌江昌化沿岸海域开展为期6 d的现场跟踪调查，结合水文气象资料分析了本次球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）赤潮生消过程环境因子变化特征及影响因素。本次赤潮高峰期球形棕囊藻丰度及CODMn分别高达3.10×108 cells/L及35 mg/L，远高于其他海域报道记录。赤潮暴发前降雨及风浪扰动促进了陆源输入及沉积营养盐释放，为赤潮暴发提供物质条件。气温骤升诱导赤潮发生，更大潮差及较低风速为囊体沿岸聚集创造了有利的外部条件。赤潮消亡过程中，DIN、PO4-P、DO、CODMn及Mn浓度显著下降，其中DIN及PO4-P是本次赤潮消亡的限制因子，DO、CODMn及Mn为本次赤潮消亡的重要特征因子。黄色囊体出现破碎后，Chlorophyll a及SiO3-Si浓度也迅速下降，随后缓慢上升甚至高于高峰期浓度水平，此时以旋链角毛藻（Chaetoceros curvisetus）等代表的硅藻丰度逐渐增加。研究还初步探索了本次赤潮的基本生消过程，为进一步揭示本区域球形棕囊藻赤潮爆发机理提供重要参考依据。Abstract: Combined with hydrometeorological data, a six-day tracking survey was carried out in the coastal waters of Changhua Town, Changjiang County, western Hainan Island on March 10 to 15, 2022. And this study analyzed the variation characteristics of environmental factors and influencing factors in the process of Phaeocystis globose bloom. During the peak of the bloom, the abundance of Phaeocystis globosa and CODMn were as high as 3.10×108 cells/L and 35 mg/L, which were much higher than those reported in other areas. The rainfall and wind wave disturbance before the bloom promoted the terrestrial runoff and the release of sedimentary nutrients, which provided material conditions for the bloom. The sudden rise of temperature induces the bloom, and the larger tidal range and lower wind speed create favorable external conditions for the accumulation along the colony. During the elimination of the bloom, the concentrations of DIN, PO4-P, DO, CODMn and Mn decreased significantly, in which DIN and PO4-P were the limiting factors, and DO, CODMn and Mn were important characteristic factors. After the yellow colony broken, the concentrations of Chl a and SiO3-Si also decreased rapidly, and then slowly increased or even higher than the peak concentration level, when the diatom abundance represented by Chaetoceros curvisetus gradually increased. The study also preliminarily explores the basic generation and elimination process of the bloom, which provides an important reference for the further study of the bloom mechanism of P. globosa in this area.
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Key words:
- Phaeocystis globose /
- colony /
- environmental factors /
- variation characteristics /
- influence factors
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图 1 昌江昌化沿岸海域赤潮跟踪调查站位
Fig. 1 Station of the bloom tracking survey in the coastal waters of Changhua, Changjiang
图 2 CJ1站位镜检及现场图
a, b. 囊体内无鞭毛不动细胞100×/400×；c. 游离的无鞭毛不动细胞400×；d. 具鞭毛游动细胞400× ；e. 高峰期赤潮水体；f. 黄色囊体；g. 透明囊体；h. 透明囊体碎片
Fig. 2 Microscopic examination and on-the-spot map of Station CJ1
a, b. Flagellar-less immobile cells in the colony 100×/400×; c. free flagellar-less immobile cells 400×; d. flagellar motile cells 400×; e. the bloom during the peak period; f. yellow colony; g. hyaline colony; h. hyaline colony fragment
图 3 赤潮前后日平均气温及风速逐日变化
Fig. 3 Daily variation of daily mean temperature and wind speed before and after the bloom
图 4 调查期间水化学因子逐日变化
Fig. 4 Daily variation of hydrochemical factors during the survey period
图 5 调查期间富营养化指数逐日变化
Fig. 5 Daily variation of eutrophication index during the survey period
图 6 调查期间营养盐比例逐日变化
Fig. 6 Daily variation in the proportion of nutrients during the survey period
图 7 调查期间叶绿素a浓度逐日变化
Fig. 7 Daily variation of Chl a concentration during the survey period
图 8 调查期间球形棕囊藻与环境因子的相关系数
**表示p<0.01，极显著性相关；*表示0.01<p<0.05，显著性相关；否则差异不显著
Fig. 8 Correlation coefficient between Phaeocystis globosa and environmental factors during the survey period
** represents extremely significant correlation at p<0.01, * represents significant correlation at 0.01<p<0.05, other no significant
图 9 海南岛西北部海域两次球形棕囊藻赤潮前日平均气温及降雨逐日变化
Fig. 9 Daily variation of daily mean temperature and rainfall before two Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the northwestern area of Hainan Island
图 10 调查期间CJ1站位浮游植物与叶绿素a浓度对比
Fig. 10 Comparative of phytoplankton and Chl a concentration in Station CJ1 during the survey period
图 11 昌江昌化沿岸海域球形棕囊藻赤潮生消流程图
虚线框内的流程表示赤潮爆发前根据背景数据资料进行的推测，其余流程为现场跟踪调查的测定结果
Fig. 11 Flow map of generation and elimination of Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the coastal waters of Changhua, Changjiang
The flow in the dotted frame shows the conjecture based on the background data before the bloom, and the rest of the process is the results of the on-site follow-up investigation
表 1 调查期间CJ1站位浮游植物种类组成及丰度（单位：cells/L）逐日变化情况
Tab. 1 Daily variation of species composition and abundance (unit: cells/L) of phytoplankton in the Station CJ1 during the survey period
门类 种类 拉丁名 3月10日 3月11日 3月12日 3月13日 3月14日 3月15日 硅藻门 双眉藻 Amphora sp. − 2.67×103 − − − − 奇异棍形藻 Bacillaria paradoxa 3.33×104 − − − − − 中国盒形藻 Biddulphia sinensis 1.33×103 − − − 1.33×103 1.33×103 大洋角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica − − − 1.33×103 − − 窄隙角毛藻 Chaetoceros affinis − 1.33×103 − − − 6.40×104 绕孢角毛藻 Chaetoceros cinctus − − 2.67×104 2.80×104 − 1.20×105 扁面角毛藻 Chaetoceros compressus − − − − 1.87×104 − 旋链角毛藻 Chaetoceros curvisetus − − 1.20×104 1.60×104 − 1.27×105 柔弱角毛藻 Chaetoceros debilis − − 6.67×103 1.47×104 − 4.67×104 幷基角毛藻 Chaetoceros decipiens − − − − − 2.67×104 粗股角毛藻 Chaetoceros femur − − − 4.00×103 − − 洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros lorenzianus − 4.00×103 − 6.67×103 − 4.80×104 拟弯角毛藻 Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus − − 1.33×103 3.20×104 − 4.13×104 暹罗角毛藻 Chaetoceros siamense − − 4.00×103 3.33×104 − 3.33×104 聚生角毛藻 Chaetoceros socialis − − − − − 9.33×103 角毛藻 Chaetoceros spp. − − 1.60×104 5.87×104 6.67×103 8.00×104 圆柱角毛藻 Chaetoceros teres − − 1.73×104 4.00×103 − 2.93×104 扭链角毛藻 Chaetoceros tortissimus − − − 1.47×104 − 4.93×104 圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus spp. 1.07×104 − 4.00×103 6.67×103 9.33×103 1.33×103 椭圆双壁藻 Diploneis elliptica 5.33×103 1.33×103 − − 8.00×103 4.00×103 太阳双尾藻 Ditylum sol − − 1.33×103 − − − 长角弯角藻 Eucampia cornuta − − − 1.33×103 − − 丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus 5.33×103 1.33×103 2.67×103 1.87×104 1.47×104 8.00×103 颗粒直链藻 Melosira granulata 2.93×104 − 1.33×104 − 1.07×105 2.67×104 念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis − − − − − 5.33×103 舟形藻 Navicula spp. 1.60×104 1.33×103 1.87×104 1.20×104 2.40×104 1.33×104 新月菱形藻 Nitzschia closterium 3.60×104 1.33×103 1.20×104 5.33×103 8.13×104 1.07×104 菱形藻 Nitzschia spp. 2.13×104 1.33×103 1.20×104 8.00×103 2.27×104 9.33×103 美丽斜纹藻 Pleurosigmaformosum 1.33×103 − − − 1.33×103 1.33×103 柔弱拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima 4.00×103 6.67×103 6.67×103 9.33×103 2.40×104 4.00×103 尖刺拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens − 8.00×103 − 1.07×104 2.00×104 5.33×103 翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata − − − 1.33×103 − − 螺端根管藻 Rhizosolenia cochlea − − − 1.33×103 − − 厚刺根管藻 Rhizosolenia crassispina − − − − − 1.33×103 斯托根管藻 Rhizosolenia fragilissima − − 1.33×103 5.33×103 − 5.33×103 覆瓦根管藻 Rhizosolenia imbricata 1.33×103 − − − − − 刚毛根管藻 Rhizosolenia setigera 1.33×103 1.33×103 2.67×103 − − 6.67×103 中华根管藻 Rhizosolenia sinensis 2.67×103 − 2.67×103 − 2.67×103 1.33×103 笔尖根管藻 Rhizosolenia styliformis 1.33×103 − − − 1.33×103 − 中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum − − 2.53×104 8.00×103 1.33×104 1.12×105 塔形冠盖藻 Stephanopyxis turris − − − − 8.00×103 − 芽形双菱藻 Surirella gemma − − − − 1.33×103 − 伽氏针杆藻 Synedra fulgens − − − − 2.67×103 − 针杆藻 Synedra spp. 6.67×103 − 1.20×104 9.33×103 1.33×104 4.00×103 肘状针杆藻 Synedra ulna − − 1.33×103 − 1.33×103 − 菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides 6.67×103 − − 5.33×103 9.33×103 1.47×104 密联海链藻 Thalassiosira condensata 4.00×103 − − − 2.00×104 − 佛氏海毛藻 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii − − − − 4.00×103 − 大龙骨藻 Tropidoneis maxima 1.33×103 − − − − 1.33×103 蓝藻门 红海束毛藻 Trichodesmillm erythraeum 2.53×104 − − − 8.67×104 − 黄藻门 海洋卡盾藻 Chattonella marina 1.07×104 4.00×103 − 4.00×103 8.00×103 5.33×103 金藻门 球形棕囊藻 Phaeocystis globosa 3.10×108 1.17×108 3.97×106 4.23×106 5.54×106 8.52×105 注：加粗字体表示球形棕囊藻名称及丰度，下划线加粗字体表示调查期间其他浮游植物第一优势种名称及丰度，−表示未鉴定出该物种。 
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