Relative contributions of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to nitrification potential in sediments from Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea
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摘要: 硝化作用是海洋氮循环的核心过程。作为硝化过程关键步骤的氨氧化过程的主要参与者，氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌对硝化作用的相对贡献是海洋氮循环关注的热点问题之一。本文选取渤海和南黄海20个站位的表层沉积物，通过微宇宙培养实验研究了沉积物中氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌对硝化潜势的相对贡献。结果表明，渤海和南黄海海域表层沉积物中潜在硝化速率（以氮计，下同）为0.004 6～0.283 1 μmol/(g·d)，其中氨氧化古菌潜在硝化速率为0.004 3～0.274 3 μmol/(g·d)，氨氧化细菌潜在硝化速率为0.000 4～0.056 0 μmol/(g·d)。氨氧化古菌是硝化潜势的主要贡献者，在渤海海域的贡献率为59.79%～97.95%，在南黄海海域的贡献率为18.47%～94.26%。渤海海域潜在硝化速率显著高于南黄海海域。此外，本研究海域中盐度是影响潜在硝化速率的关键环境因子，对渤海海域的分析则表明越高的
${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ 浓度可能指示着越高的硝化潜势。在河口及近海沉积物中，氨氧化古菌在硝化过程中起着更加重要的作用；河口和近岸沉积物硝化潜势总体高于远海。本研究为进一步认识近海海洋氮循环过程提供了参考依据。Abstract: Nitrification is a pivotal process in the marine nitrogen cycle. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) drive the ammonia oxidation, which is the first and rate-limiting step in nitrification, and their relative contributions to nitrification are ones of the most important topics related to the nitrogen cycle in ocean. In this study, surface sediment samples at 20 sites from Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea were collected in April and May, 2019. The relative contributions of AOA and AOB to nitrification potential were studied in the microcosmic experiment. The results showed that the potential nitrification rates (PNRs, in terms of nitrogen) ranged from 0.004 6 μmol/(g·d) to 0.283 1 μmol/(g·d), in which potential nitrification rate of AOA and AOB ranged from 0.004 3 μmol/(g·d) to 0.274 3 μmol/(g·d) and 0.000 4 μmol/(g·d) to 0.056 0 μmol/(g·d), respectively. AOA was the main contributor to the nitrification therein, whose contribution rate was 59.79%−97.95% in Bohai Sea and 18.47%−94.26% in South Yellow Sea, respectively. The potential nitrification rates in surface sediments from Bohai Sea were significantly higher than those from South Yellow Sea. Besides, salinity was a key environmental factor for potential nitrification rates, and high${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ concentration might indicated high nitrification potential. It was speculated that AOA played a more vital role than AOB in estuarine and coastal areas, and nitrification potential decreased from estuarine and near-shore region to the open sea. This study provides evidences for further evaluation of nitrogen cycle in coastal areas. -
图 2 渤海海域各站位表层沉积物样品培养体系中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐积累量
Fig. 2 The accumulation of nitrite and nitrate during the cultures of surface sediment samples from Bohai Sea
图 3 南黄海海域各站位表层沉积物样品培养体系中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐积累量
Fig. 3 The accumulation of nitrite and nitrate during the cultures of surface sediment samples from South Yellow Sea
图 4 渤海和南黄海海域表层沉积物中潜在硝化速率
Fig. 4 The potential nitrification rates in surface sediments of Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea
图 5 渤海和南黄海海域表层沉积物潜在硝化速率分布
Fig. 5 The distribution of potential nitrification rates in surface sediments of Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea
图 6 渤海和南黄海海域表层沉积物中AOA对硝化潜势贡献的分布
Fig. 6 The distribution of the contributions of AOA to nitrification potential in surface sediments of Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea
图 7 潜在硝化速率和环境因子RDA和皮尔森相关性分析
溶解氧、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $、${{\rm {NO}}_2^{-}} $、${{\rm {NO}}_3^{-}} $、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $、${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $分别代表对应浓度；AOA+AOB、AOA、AOB分别代表对应潜在硝化速率；***代表 p<0.001，**代表 p<0.01，*代表 p<0.05
Fig. 7 RDA and Pearson correlation analysis of potential nitrification rates and environmental parameters
Dissolved oxygen, ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $, ${{\rm {NO}}_2^{-}}$, ${{\rm {NO}}_3^{-}} $, ${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $, ${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $ represent the corresponding concentration; AOA+AOB, AOA, and AOB represent the corresponding potential nitrification rates, respectively; *** represents p<0.001,** represents p<0.01, * represents p<0.05
图 8 AOA和AOB对硝化潜势的相对贡献及AOA和AOB硝化潜势的比值与环境因子皮尔森相关性分析
***代表p<0.001；**代表p< 0.01；*代表p<0.05
Fig. 8 Pearson correlation analysis between the relative contribution to nitrification potential of AOA and AOB and the nitrification potential of AOA to AOB with the environmental parameters
*** Represents p<0.001; ** represents p<0.01; * represents p<0.05
表 1 渤海和南黄海海域采样站位底层水理化参数
Tab. 1 Physiochemical parameters of bottom water in sampling sites of Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea
站位 水深/
m温度/
℃盐度 电导率/
（mS·cm−1）溶解氧浓度/
（mg·L−1）pH $ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度/
（μmol·L−1）$ {{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度/
（μmol·L−1）$ {{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $浓度/
（μmol·L−1）$ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $浓度/
（μmol·L−1）$ {{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $浓度/
（μmol·L−1）1251 25.6 10.16 32.18 35.46 8.92 8.62 3.907 0.064 0.291 0.080 1.253 3562 20.3 10.58 31.38 35.04 8.82 8.60 2.606 0.152 3.131 0.084 4.759 5094 17.5 10.51 29.96 33.54 8.67 8.61 2.972 0.301 13.366 0.052 5.387 6251 15.6 11.14 29.82 33.93 8.39 8.57 2.888 0.165 3.636 0.028 3.001 5262 23.9 8.50 32.18 34.01 9.85 8.63 3.918 0.237 0.695 0.084 1.505 294 16.6 11.43 32.57 36.99 8.34 8.61 3.178 0.206 3.766 0.164 2.005 B22 22.0 9.70 32.21 35.10 9.66 8.27 2.605 0.080 0.991 0.543 1.311 B24 24.0 8.92 31.90 34.12 9.44 8.21 2.503 0.116 5.256 0.529 1.732 H6 79.0 9.25 32.77 35.27 8.60 8.18 6.105 0.431 5.155 0.803 13.124 H7 69.0 9.71 32.96 35.85 8.45 8.18 3.024 0.442 7.694 0.806 15.094 H9 32.0 9.29 32.18 34.71 9.26 8.27 3.076 0.064 0.215 0.474 1.306 H12 49.0 9.94 32.61 35.71 9.09 8.24 3.776 0.299 1.486 0.624 8.920 H16 81.0 9.17 32.68 35.11 8.72 8.18 5.943 0.464 6.674 0.819 10.764 H18 80.0 10.47 33.37 36.95 7.81 8.19 5.989 0.460 6.624 0.820 10.537 H20 61.0 10.87 33.44 37.38 8.50 8.25 3.221 0.713 4.829 0.730 8.851 H22 39.5 10.73 33.07 36.88 8.88 8.26 2.751 0.392 3.291 0.637 7.314 H27 13.0 12.30 31.91 37.09 8.67 8.18 2.393 0.194 10.686 0.783 9.389 H30 29.0 10.51 31.98 35.58 9.01 8.17 3.016 0.236 11.971 0.937 16.277 H31 34.0 10.72 32.72 36.51 8.97 8.22 3.161 0.265 7.014 0.840 14.870 H34 50.0 10.94 33.04 37.04 8.96 8.25 2.659 0.292 6.308 0.868 12.950 
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