Distribution and environmental impact factors of ultraplankton abundance in the surface water of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic cruise routes
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摘要: 南极考察航线跨越全球多个大洋，对认识超微型浮游生物在全球尺度分布及变化具有重要意义。依托中国第33次南极考察，利用流式细胞仪对航线海表水样中的超微型浮游生物进行了现场测定。结果表明，在热带与温带海域，超微型浮游生物量可占总叶绿素a浓度的60%以上，在南大洋则集中在15%～40%；原绿球藻主要分布在40°S以北海域，聚球藻主要分布在50°S以北海域，而超微型真核藻类和异养细菌则在沿线各海域均有明显分布。在纬向上，原绿球藻、聚球藻、超微型真核藻类和异养细菌的平均丰度分别为（5.50±9.09）×103 cells/mL、（13.56±20.33）×103 cells/mL、（3.87±3.08）×103 cells/mL和（6.39±4.78）×105 cells/mL；南大洋海域，超微型真核藻类和异养细菌的平均丰度分别为（3.31±1.46）×103 cells/mL和（4.68±4.39）×105 cells/mL，在少数站位检测到较低丰度的聚球藻，平均值为（0.38±0.39）×103 cells/mL。纬向上，超微型真核藻类与温度呈显著负相关，原绿球藻与温度呈正相关，盐度与营养盐对其影响较弱；南大洋海域，超微型浮游生物与营养盐显著相关，在南极半岛海域大量消耗硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐，而在罗斯海则主要利用硝酸盐与磷酸盐。Abstract: The Antarctic cruise routes across different regions of the global oceans, it is of great significance to understand the global distribution of ultraplankton. During 33rd Chinese Antarctic Expedition, we used flow cytometry to investigate large-scale latitudinal distribution of ultraplankton abundance and its effect factors in the surface water along the cruise routes. The results showed that picoplankton accounted for 60% of total chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration in the tropic and temperate zones and the contribution of picoplankton to total Chl a concentration varied from 15% to 40% in the Southern Ocean. Prochlorococcus (Pro) were mainly distributed in the north of 40°S, Synechococcus (Syn) were distributed in the north of 50°S, while pico-eukaryotes (PEuk) and heterotrophic bacteria (HBac) were detected and distributed in the Southern Ocean and along the cruise routes. The average abundance of Pro, Syn, PEuk and HBac were (5.50±9.09)×103 cells/mL, (13.56±20.33)×103 cells/mL, (3.87± 3.08)×103
cells/mL and (6.39±4.78)×105 cells/mL respectively on the latitudinal routes. The average abundance of PEuk and HBac were (3.31±1.46)×103 cells/mL and (4.68±4.39)×105 cells/mL in the Southern Ocean. Syn cells were detected in a few stations of the Antarctic waters, the average abundance was (0.38±0.39)×103 cells/mL. The results of environmental factor correlation analysis showed that there was a distinct negative correlation between PEuk abundance and temperature, and a distinct positive correlation between Pro abundance and temperature. Salinity and nutrients did not have obvious influence on the distribution of ultraplankton along the latitudinal. There was a close negative correlation between ultraplankton abundance and nutrients in the Southern Ocean. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were important factors in the Antarctic Peninsula. Nitrate and phosphate were main environmental factors in the Ross Sea. -
Key words:
- ultraplankton /
- Prochlorococcus /
- Synechococcus /
- pico-eukaryotes /
- Antarctic /
- Southern Ocean
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图 1 中国第33次南极考察航迹及南大洋表层水采样站位（显示部分站位）
Fig. 1 The 33rd Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition route and sampling stations in the surface water of the Southern Ocean(show a part of the sites)
图 2 不同海域表层温度、盐度、营养盐浓度纬向（A−E）和南大洋（a−e）分布
Fig. 2 Distribution of surface temperature, salinity and nutrients concentration in different oceans along the latitudinal (A−E) and Southern Ocean (a−e)
图 3 超微型、微型和小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度纬向分布及分别占总叶绿素a浓度百分比
Fig. 3 Distribution of chlorophyll a concentration of picoplankton, nanoplankton and microplankton along the latitudinal and the percentage of total chlorophyll a concentration respectively
图 4 超微型浮游生物丰度纬向表层分布
Fig. 4 Latitudinal distribution of abundance of ultraplankton in the surface water
图 5 超微型、微型和小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度南大洋表层分布及占总叶绿素a浓度百分比
Fig. 5 Distribution of chlorophyll a concentration of picoplankton, nanoplanktonin and microplankton in the surface water of the Southern Ocean and the percentage of total chlorophyll a concentration respectively
图 6 超微型浮游生物丰度南大洋表层分布
Fig. 6 Distribution of abundance of ultraplankton in the surface water of the Southern Ocean
表 1 超微型浮游生物丰度与相关环境因子的Pearson相关性分析
Tab. 1 Pearson correlation analysis between ultraplankton abundance and related environmental parameters
航段 参数 温度 盐度 硝酸盐和亚
硝酸盐浓度磷酸盐
浓度硅酸盐
浓度总叶绿素a
浓度Syn
丰度Pro
丰度PEuk
丰度纬向（n=55） Syn丰度 0.165 −0.102 −0.239 −0.155 −0.221 −0.152 − − − Pro丰度 0.320* −0.01 −0.261 −0.203 −0.179 −0.152 0.446** − − PEuk丰度 −0.560** 0.130 −0.058 0.003 0.077 0.437** 0.326** 0.041 − HBac丰度 −0.039 −0.177 0.069 0.103 −0.247 0.442* 0.447** 0.116 0.408** 总叶绿素a浓度 −0.597** −0.058 0.284 0.263 0.235 − − − − 0°～120°E（n=20） Syn丰度 −0.407 0.050 −0.232 −0.254 −0.252 0.092 − − − PEuk丰度 −0.125 −0.153 0.201 0.204 0.366 0.479* −0.214 − − HBac丰度 −0.214 0.164 −0.132 −0.147 −0.297 −0.225 0.764** − −0.307 总叶绿素a浓度 −0.489* −0.280 −0.253 −0.281 −0.073 − − − − 120°E～120°W（n=13） Syn丰度 −0.242 0.264 −0.644* −0.446 0.448 0.450 − − − PEuk丰度 0.058 −0.652* −0.339 −0.586* −0.167 −0.041 0.012 − − HBac丰度 −0.118 0.149 −0.601* −0.356 0.458 0.614* 0.500 − 0.084 总叶绿素a浓度 −0.405 0.457 −0.588* −0.398 0.653* − − − − 120°W～0°（n=17） Syn丰度 0.257 0.525* −0.528* −0.622** −0.048 0.874** − − − PEuk丰度 0.084 0.301 −0.483* −0.407 0.092 0.735** 0.510* − − HBac丰度 0.056 0.430 −0.434 −0.461 0.187 0.951** 0.871** − 0.562* 总叶绿素a浓度 0.028 0.389 −0.438 −0.448 0.219 − − − − 注：**代表相关性极显著（p<0.01）；*代表相关性显著（p<0.05）；−代表数据已出现1次，不再重复显示。 
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表 2 南大洋和北冰洋中超微型浮游生物丰度
Tab. 2 Abundance of ultraplankton in the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean
具体区域 经纬度 Pro丰度/
（103 cells·mL−1）Syn丰度/
（103 cells·mL−1）PEuk丰度/
（103 cells·mL−1）HBac丰度/
（105 cells·mL−1）采样年月 参考文献 南极海域/
南大洋环南极表层 60°～70°S − 0.06～2.40
（0.38±0.39）1.66～8.07
（3.31±1.46）1.01～25.82
（4.68±4.39）2016年12月至2017年2月 本研究 环南极表层 60°～70°S − − 0.76～10.35
（3.62±1.82）0.84～13.2
（3.10±0.28）2009年10−11月 文献[5] 德雷克海峡 55.5°～62°S − （0.61±0.50） （0.37±0.22） − 1989年12月 文献[8] 南大西洋 62°～64°S − （0.10±0.11） （1.01±0.81） − 1989年12月至1990年1月 文献[8] 南印度洋 62°～64°S − （0.06±0.06） （0.81±0.84） − 1989年12月至1990年1月 文献[8] 南极锋区 46°S, 62°49′E − 2～4 最大12 2～5 1999年1月 文献[37] 南极锋区 44°S, 64°10′E − 最大24 最大7～8 最大9 1999年2月 文献[37] 北极海域/
北冰洋白令海海盆区 55°～65°N, 162°E～157°W − 0.01～41.27
（4.20）0.11～30.70
（7.18）0.99～17.02
（4.80）2008年6−9月 文献[35] 楚科奇海 68°～75°N, 170°～155°W − 1.50～32.16 0.03～12.03
（2.56）0.41～13.88
（5.46）2008年6−9月 文献[35] 巴伦支海 70°～79°N, 3°～23°E − 3～40 − − 2002年8−9月 文献[34] 北大西洋 50°～61°N （6.80±12.80） （21.50±17.90） （0.90±3.50） （10.68±5.53） 1993年7−8月 文献[27] 注：括号内为平均值±标准偏差或平均值；−代表无数据。
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