荣成马山里海域海草床分布现状及其生态特征

邓筱凡; 张宏瑜; 吴忠迅; 李文涛; 张沛东

doi:10.12284/hyxb2022160

荣成马山里海域海草床分布现状及其生态特征

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022160

1.
中国海洋大学海水养殖教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266003
2.
长岛国家海洋公园管理中心，山东烟台 265800

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2019YFD0901302）；国家自然科学基金（42076100）。

详细信息

作者简介:
邓筱凡（1997-），女，山东省威海市人，主要从事海草床修复与保护研究。E-mail：17806265822@163.com

通讯作者:
张沛东，男，教授，主要从事海草床修复与保护研究。E-mail：zhangpdsg@ouc.edu.cn

中图分类号: Q948.8
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-02
- 修回日期: 2022-04-27
- 网络出版日期: 2022-05-09
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-15

Distribution and ecological characteristics of seagrass bed of Mashanli sea area in Rongcheng

1.
Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
2.
The Marine Ecological Civilization Comprehensive Experimental Area of Changdao, Yantai 265800, China

摘要

摘要: 海草床是滨海三大典型生态系统之一，具有极其重要的环境改善、资源养护和减灾防灾等生态功能，亦是全球重要的碳库。2016年8月，通过对荣成马山里海域的现场调查，发现了面积为58.26 hm²的海草床，其海草的种类为红纤维虾形草（Phyllospadix iwatensis）和丛生鳗草（Zostera caespitosa）。红纤维虾形草分布面积为54.50 hm²，占该海域海草床总面积的93.5%，分为北部和南部2个带状区域，平均茎枝密度为（368.0±18.2）shoots/m²，平均生物量（干重，下同）为（297.0±41.5）g/m²。丛生鳗草分布面积为3.76 hm²，占海草床总面积的6.5%，呈现斑块状分布，与红纤维虾形草交错而生，平均茎枝密度为（691.2±17.1）shoots/m²，平均生物量为（534.0±70.7）g/m²。马山里海域海草床主要分布在平均水深为（2.8±0.3） m的以岩礁为主的底质上。海草的生长状况存在显著的空间差异，与水温呈现显著的正相关，与水深和陆源污染物存在显著的负相关。结合历史资料，发现该海域海草床退化现象较严重，其主要威胁因素是人为干扰，主要包括渔业生产、养殖活动和陆源污染输入。建议合理规划周边海域的养殖规模和密度、加强陆源污染物管控和开展海草床生态修复工程，以期为温带海草床的有效保护和科学管理提供参考。
- 海草床 /
- 海草种类 /
- 分布面积 /
- 生态特征 /
- 马山里海域
Abstract: Seagrass bed is one of the three typical coastal ecosystems, which plays an important role in environmental improvement, resource conservation, and mitigation of environment degradation caused by natural disasters. It is also important as a global carbon stock. In August 2016, a field survey was conducted in the sea area of Mashanli of Rongcheng. A seagrass bed with an area of 58.26 hm² was found, consisting of Phyllospadix iwatensis and Zostera caespitosa meadows. The P. iwatensis meadow was composed of two belt regions south and north of the bed, occupying an area of 54.50 hm² and accounting for 93.5% of the seagrass bed. The P. iwatensis shoot density was (368.0±18.2) shoots/m² and the biomass was (297.0±41.5) g/m². While the Z. caespitosa generally formed dense patches within the P. iwatensis meadows, and occupied an area of 3.76 hm², accounting for 6.5% of the seagrass bed. The shoot density of Z. caespitosa was (691.2±17.1) shoots/m², and the biomass was (534.0±70.7) g/m². The water depth in the seagrass bed was (2.8±0.3) m, and the seabed was mainly rocky, with some sediments covering on the rocky beds. The growth of the seagrasses showed significant spatial variation, which was positively correlated with the water temperature, and negatively correlated with water depth and terrestrial pollutants. By comparing with historical data, it was found that the degradation of seagrass beds in Mashanli sea area was severe. Anthropogenic activities are the main causes of seagrass degradation, including fishing and aquaculture activities, as well as the pollution of land-based sources. Therefore, it is suggested that rationally planning the scale and density of aquaculture in surrounding area, strengthening the control of terrestrial pollutants, and carrying out ecological restoration projects of seagrass beds will promote the effective protection and scientific management of seagrass beds in temperate zone.
- seagrass bed /
- seagrass species /
- distribution area /
- ecological characteristics /
- Mashanli sea area

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图 1 马山里海域海草床调查区域

Fig. 1 Investigation area of seagrass beds in the Mashanli sea area

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图 2 红纤维虾形草水下状态（a）、外部形态特征（b）及其叶片组织切片（c）

Fig. 2 Underwater state (a), external morphological characteristics (b) and leaf transection (c) of Phyllospadix iwatensis

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图 3 丛生鳗草水下状态（a）、外部形态特征（b）及其叶片组织切片（c）

Fig. 3 Underwater state (a), external morphological characteristics (b) and leaf transection (c) of Zostera caespitosa

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图 4 马山里海域海草分布

Fig. 4 Distribution of seagrasses in the Mashanli sea area

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图 5 海草形态学特征指标谱系

PW1−PW5为红纤维虾形草站位；ZC1−ZC5为丛生鳗草站位

Fig. 5 Morphologic indexes intergroup pedigree of seagrasses

PW1−PW5 indicate the stations of Phyllospadix iwatensis; ZC1−ZC5 indicate the stations of Zostera caespitosa

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图 6 马山里海域海草调查站位及生长状况评估结果

PW1−PW5为红纤维虾形草站位；ZC1−ZC5为丛生鳗草站位

Fig. 6 Seagrass survey stations and evaluation results of growth status in the Mashanli sea area

PW1−PW5 indicate the stations of Phyllospadix iwatensis; ZC1−ZC5 indicate the stations of Zostera caespitosa

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图 7 海草形态学指标与环境因子间的相关性分析

SH. 株高；LSL. 叶鞘长；AB. 单株地上生物量；UB. 单株地下生物量；WD. 水深；WT. 水温；DO. 溶解氧含量；SWT. 透明度；OM. 有机质含量；A. 海草形态学指标之间的相关性；B. 环境因子指标之间的相关性；C. 海草形态学指标与环境因子指标之间的相关性；*代表p<0.05, **代表p<0.01

Fig. 7 Correlation analysis among morphological indexes of seagrass and environmental factors

SH. Shoot height; LSL. leaf sheath length; AB. aboveground bio mass per plant; UB. underground bio mass per plant; WD. water depth; WT. water temperature; DO. dissolved oxygen content; SWT. transparency; OM. organic matter content; the data on the left and right sides are the normalized canonical correlation coefficient of the variables; A. correlation between morphological indexes of seagrasses; B. correlation between environmental factors; C. correlation between morphological indexes of seagrasses and environmental factors; * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01

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图 8 U₁、V₁典型结构示意图

U₁. 生态学指标第一典型变量；V₁. 海区环境指标第一典型变量；SH. 株高；LSL. 叶鞘长；SD. 茎枝密度；BI. 单株干重；WD. 水深；WT. 水温；SWT. 透明度；OM. 有机质含量

Fig. 8 Canonical correlation structure diagram of U₁ and V₁

U₁. The first canonical variable of morphological indexes; V₁. the first canonical variable of marine environmental factors; SH. shoot height; LSL. leaf sheath length; SD. shoot density; BI. dry weight per plant; WD. water depth; WT. water temperature; SWT. transparency; OM. organic matter content

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图 9 变量典型载荷分析（a）和变量交叉载荷分析（b）

SH. 株高；LSL. 叶鞘长；SD. 茎枝密度；BI. 单株干重；WD. 水深；WT. 水温；SWT. 透明度；OM. 有机质含量

Fig. 9 Variable typical load analysis (a) and variable cross load analysis (b)

SH. Shoot height; LSL. leaf sheath length; SD. shoot density; BI. dry weight per plant; WD. water depth; WT. water temperature; SWT. transparency; OM. organic matter content

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图 10 典型冗余分析组内、组间解释度

Fig. 10 Interpretation of typical redundancy analysis within and between groups

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图 11 环境类型赋分结果示意图

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of environment type assignment results

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表 1 马山里海域海草形态学指标统计

Tab. 1 Statistics of morphological indexes of seagrasses in the Mashanli sea area

海草种类	站位	株高/cm	叶鞘长/cm	叶鞘宽/cm	叶宽/cm	最大根长/cm
红纤维虾形草	PW1	81.8±3.2	7.5±1.5	0.29±0.02	0.23±0.01	0.36±0.06
	PW2	90.0±4.1	14.7±2.3	0.31±0.03	0.27±0.02	1.08±0.09
	PW3	90.8±2.3	16.0±2.5	0.30±0.02	0.28±0.02	1.75±0.06
	PW4	96.0±3.3	13.3±1.9	0.23±0.04	0.23±0.01	0.98±0.05
	PW5	87.6±3.8	12.5±1.8	0.29±0.03	0.25±0.02	1.13±0.07
	平均值	89.2±4.2	12.8±2.7	0.28±0.03	0.25±0.02	1.06±0.10
丛生鳗草	ZC1	68.3±4.5	13.3±0.56	0.37±0.03	0.33±0.02	6.10±0.62
	ZC2	80.8±5.2	15.2±0.33	0.45±0.02	0.39±0.03	7.74±0.58
	ZC3	87.1±7.2	16.1±0.84	0.44±0.02	0.41±0.03	8.10±0.71
	ZC4	88.7±6.4	16.1±0.75	0.44±0.03	0.39±0.02	8.60±0.67
	ZC5	67.3±7.3	14.7±0.64	0.43±0.01	0.38±0.03	6.15±0.84
	平均值	78.4±8.3	15.1±0.94	0.42±0.02	0.38±0.03	7.34±0.94
注：站位位置见图6。

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表 2 马山里海域海草床主要环境因子

Tab. 2 The main environmental factors of the seagrass beds in the Mashanli sea area

海草种类	站位	水深/m	水温/℃	盐度	溶解氧含量/(mg·L⁻¹)	pH	透明度/m	底质类型	沉积物有机质含量/%
红纤维虾形草	PW1	2.9	23.5	31.6	8.5	7.3	1.6	礁石	1.13
	PW2	2.5	23.5	31.3	8.7	7.5	1.6	礁石	1.19
	PW3	2.9	23.4	31.5	8.5	7.7	1.8	礁石	1.17
	PW4	2.3	23.5	31.3	8.4	7.3	1.9	礁石	1.11
	PW5	2.5	23.6	31.6	8.7	7.5	1.4	礁石	1.18
	平均值	2.6±0.2	23.5±0.1	31.5±0.1	8.6±0.1	7.5±0.1	1.6±0.2	礁石	1.16±0.03
丛生鳗草	ZC1	2.9	23.3	31.9	10.3	7.3	1.9	cS	1.09
	ZC2	3.0	22.9	31.9	10.7	7.4	1.7	cS	1.05
	ZC3	2.9	23.0	31.9	10.0	7.4	1.8	cS	1.06
	ZC4	3.2	23.0	31.9	11.2	7.2	1.6	cS	1.15
	ZC5	3.1	23.1	31.9	10.7	7.3	1.6	cS	1.11
	平均值	3.0±0.1	23.1±0.1	31.9±0	10.6±0.4	7.3±0.1	1.7±0.2	cS	1.09±0.04
注：cS为黏土质砂；站位位置见图6。

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表 3 环境类型及赋分标准

Tab. 3 Environment type and assignment standard

类型	自然保护区	耕地	居民区	工厂（养殖场）
赋分	0	1	2	3

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表 4 荣成近岸红纤维虾形草资源量

Tab. 4 Resources of Phyllospadix iwatensis in the Rongcheng coastal

地点	分布面积/ hm²	平均茎枝密度/ (shoots·m⁻²)	生物量/ (g·m⁻²)	参考文献
马山里	54.5	368.0±18.2	297.0±41.5	本文
镆铘岛	95.6	3 087.0±35.4	2 320.0±26.6	文献[8]
桑沟湾	37.3	2 649.0±29.8	2 381.3±27.3	文献[11]
双岛湾	7.73	889.1±17.1	605.9±18.1	文献[10]

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