台风过程影响下的滨海湿地物理变量观测及湿地系统响应

李高如; 龚国宁; 张生乐; 高美华; 张伯伦; 马煜曦; 何培民; 方淑波

doi:10.12284/hyxb2022155

台风过程影响下的滨海湿地物理变量观测及湿地系统响应

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022155

李高如^{1, 2,},
龚国宁^{1, 2},
张生乐^{1, 2},
高美华^{1, 2},
张伯伦^{1, 2},
马煜曦³,
何培民^{1, 2},
方淑波^{1, 2, ,}

1.
上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院，上海 201306
2.
上海海洋大学上海高校水域环境生态工程研究中心，上海 201306
3.
华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室，上海 200241

基金项目: 国家重大科技专项（2017YFC0506002）；自然资源部海洋生态监测与修复技术重点实验室开放基金（MEMRT202003）

详细信息

作者简介:
李高如（1997-），女，安徽省阜阳市人，主要从事潮滩水动力观测及生态效应模拟研究。E-mail：1239125156@qq.com

通讯作者:
方淑波，副教授，硕士生导师，主要从事滨海湿地生态修复研究。E-mail：bsfang@fudan.edu.cn

中图分类号: P748
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-01
- 修回日期: 2022-06-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-19
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-17

Observation of physical variables of coastal wetland and response of wetland system under the influence of typhoon process

Li Gaoru^{1, 2
,},
Gong Guoning^{1, 2},
Zhang Shengle^{1, 2},
Gao Meihua^{1, 2},
Zhang Bolun^{1, 2},
Ma Yuxi³,
He Peimin^{1, 2},
Fang Shubo^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2.
Research Center of Water Environment & Ecological Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

摘要

摘要: 如何研究台风等极端天气事件影响下的湿地系统响应过程，进而提出有效的生态完整性维护和管理方案，对关键区域的湿地管理及生态安全维护具有重要意义。本文于2021年9月“灿都”台风期间在南汇东滩南岸设置水动力观测点，采集表层沉积物、测量滩面高程并用无人机获得植被影像，运用ArcGIS空间分析，探讨了台风过程影响下的南汇东滩水动力、滩面沉积变化与植被分布面积响应。结果表明：台风中，观测点近底层平均流速为0.23 m/s，植被边缘平均有效波高和波能是台风前后的1.54倍和2.14倍，近底层1 m的滩面出现“高悬沙浓度层”（>10 g/L）且存在时长为8.13 h。台风后高程低于4 m的稀疏海三棱藨草和互花米草滩面侵蚀0～4.8 cm，高程高于4 m的茂盛互花米草和芦苇滩面淤积0～14.7 cm；研究区植被分布面积共减少1 827.67 m²，减少量占台风前植被总量的1.63%，其中侵蚀滩面植被分布面积减少31.9%，淤积滩面减少68.1%。对台风过程影响后的湿地管理，可以总结为：（1）湿地在台风过程后滩面基本表现为明显的侵蚀、淤积区域共存的特征；（2）对高程低于4 m的侵蚀滩面，建议确定植被适宜生长的高程，结合台风过程冲淤变化通过“微生物膜”和植被斑块移植的方法消浪、固滩和促淤，加速湿地在台风过程影响后的修复。
- 台风 /
- 滨海湿地 /
- 水动力 /
- 沉积 /
- 响应过程
Abstract: How to study the response process of wetland system under the influence of extreme weather events such as typhoon, and then put forward effective ecological integrity maintenance and management schemes is of great significance to wetland management and ecological security maintenance in key areas. In this paper, during the process of “Chanthu” Typhoon in September 2021, hydrodynamic observation points were set up on the South Bank of Nanhui east tidal flat, surface sediments were collected, tidal flat surface elevation was measured, and vegetation images were obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle. Using ArcGIS spatial analysis, the hydrodynamic and sedimentary changes of Nanhui east tidal flat and the response of tidal flat surface elevation, surface sediments and vegetation distribution area were discussed. The results show that the average effective wave height and wave energy at the edge of the vegetation are 1.54 times and 2.14 times in the typhoon, the average current velocity near the bottom layer is 0.23 m/s, and a “high suspended sediment concentration layer” (>10 g/L) with a thickness of more than 1 m appears on the tidal flat for 8.13 h. After the typhoon, the tidal flat surface of Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora distributed sparsely below 4 m eroded 0−4.8 cm, and the tidal flat surface with lush growth of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis above 4 m deposited 0−14.7 cm. The distribution area of vegetation in the study area decreased by 1827.67 m², accounting for 1.63% of the total vegetation before the typhoon, including 31.9% of the eroded tidal flat vegetation and 68.1% of the deposited tidal flat vegetation. The wetland management after the typhoon process can be summarized as follows: (1) The wetland basically shows the characteristics of coexistence of erosion and accretion areas after the typhoon process; (2) For the tidal flat surface with an elevation lower than 4 m, it is suggested to determine the elevation suitable for vegetation growth, combine the erosion and deposition changes during the typhoon process, and use the “microbial film” and vegetation patch transplantation to dissipate waves, consolidate the tidal flat and promote accretion, so as to accelerate the rapid restoration of the wetland after the impact of the typhoon process.
- typhoon /
- coastal wetlands /
- hydrodynamic force /
- deposition /
- response process

HTML全文

图 1 研究区位置及采样点

Fig. 1 Location and sampling sites of the study area

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图 2 浊度（T）与悬沙浓度（SSC）的回归关系

Fig. 2 Regression relationship between turbidity （T） and suspended sediment concentration （SSC）

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图 3 T3潮周期u方向流速分量三维相空间异常值筛选效果

Δu：速度分量u的一阶导数；Δ²u：速度分量u的二阶导数

Fig. 3 Screening effect of three-dimensional phase space outliers of velocity component in u direction of T3 tidal cycle

Δu: First derivative of velocity component u; Δ²u: second derivative of velocity component u

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图 4 台风过程气象及近底层水动力和沉积变化

a. 风向风速、海平面气压、降水量图；b. T1−T12潮周期水动力观测点水深、流速和流向；c. 植被边缘观测点有效波高和波能；d. 悬沙浓度剖面变化过程。灰色区域为台风中

Fig. 4 Meteorological and near bottom hydrodynamic and sedimentary changes during typhoon

a. Wind direction, wind speed, sea level pressure and precipitation; b. water depth, velocity and direction at hydrodynamic observation points of T1−T12 tidal cycle; c. significant wave height and wave energy at observation points on the edge of vegetation; d. variation process of suspended sediment concentration profile. The gray area is in typhoon

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图 5 台风后滩面高程变化

Fig. 5 Change of tidal elevation after typhoon

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图 6 台风前后表层沉积物粒度参数及颗粒组分含量变化

以采样点Op为例，Op为台风前，Op'为台风后

Fig. 6 Changes of particle size parameters of surface sediments and particle composition after typhoon

Taking the sampling site Op as an example, Op is before the typhoon and Op' is after the typhoon

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图 7 台风过程减少的植被分布与滩面形态变化

红色范围主要为因海堤建设植被减少分布面积

Fig. 7 Reduced vegetation distribution and tidal flat surface change during typhoon

The red areas are mainly decrease of the distribution areas of vegetation due to the construction of seawall

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图 8 潮周期内观测点ADV测量滩面平均相对高度变化

Fig. 8 Variation of average relative height of tidal flat measured by ADV at observation point in tidal cycle

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