广东省14个海滩裂流类型及统计特征分析

胡鹏鹏; 李志强; 朱道恒; 苏倩欣; 李高聪

doi:10.12284/hyxb2022037

广东省14个海滩裂流类型及统计特征分析

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022037

广东海洋大学电子与信息工程学院，广东湛江 524088

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（42176167，41676079）；广东海洋大学创新强校工程项目（Q18307）；广东海洋大学科研启动经费项目（060302112010）。

详细信息

作者简介:
胡鹏鹏（1998-），男，江西省南昌市人，主要从事海岸水动力及裂流研究。E-mail：pphu122@163.com

通讯作者:
李志强（1974-），男，湖南省郴州市人，博士，教授，主要从事海岸资源与环境研究。E-mail：qiangzl1974@163.com

中图分类号: P731.21
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-10
- 录用日期: 2022-02-11
- 修回日期: 2021-09-28
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-13

Types and statistical analysis of rip currents at 14 beaches in the Guangdong Province

School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China

摘要

摘要: 裂流是沿海地区频发的一种高速离岸流。根据Castelle的裂流分类模型对广东省14个海滩的Google Earth影像进行了解译分类，对裂流分类模型在遥感影像中的应用进行了探讨。结果表明：在高风险月份，海滩裂流的组成较为单一，混合型裂流少，水深控制的裂流占据主导地位，裂流数量总体维持在较高水平；在中风险月份，水动力控制的裂流和混合型裂流的比例增加，水深控制的裂流仍然占有一定比例；在低风险月份，裂流很少出现，甚至无裂流发生。裂流的类型与海滩的状态密切相关。对于海湾中的海滩，海湾长度影响裂流的数量，海湾凹入度影响不同类型裂流的组成比例。考虑到实验条件的限制，这一规律需要后续结合实际地形地貌进行更细致和深入的研究和验证。按照本文解译标准得出的分类结果，与前人提出的裂流风险性评价模型吻合度较高，进一步说明了该解译标准的有效性，为今后对海滩裂流的研究和分类工作提供了一定的参考。
- 裂流分类 /
- 目视解译 /
- 风险评价 /
- 海滩状态
Abstract: Rip current is a kind of high speed offshore current which occurs frequently in coastal. Based on Castelle’s rip current classification model, Google Earth images of 14 beaches in Guangdong Province were interpreted and classified, and the application of rip current classification model in remote sensing images was discussed. The results show that in high risk months, the composition of rip currents is relatively simple, the mixed rips are few, and the bathymetrically-controlled rip currents play a dominant role, and the number of rip currents remains at a high level. In the middle risk months, the proportion of hydrodynamically-controlled rip currents and mixed rips increases, while the proportion of bathymetrically-controlled rip currents still has a certain proportion. There is little or no rip currents in low-risk months. The structure of rip current is closely related to the state of beach. For the beach in the bay, the length of the bay affects the number of rip currents, and the concave degree of the bay affects the composition ratio of different types of rip currents. Considering the limitations of experimental conditions, this law needs to be further studied and verified in combination with the actual terrain and landform. The classification results obtained according to the interpretation criteria presented in this paper are in good agreement with the risk evaluation model proposed by previous authors, which further demonstrates the effectiveness of the interpretation criteria and provides some reference value for the future research and classification of rip currents.
- rip current classification /
- visual interpretation /
- risk estimate /
- beach state

HTML全文

图 1 裂流分类框架图（修改自文献[25]）

Fig. 1 Rip current classification framework (modified from the reference [25])

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图 2 各类型裂流的特征影像

a.剪切不稳定裂流；b.瞬变裂流；c.沟槽裂流；d.聚焦型裂流；e.偏斜裂流；f.阴影区裂流；g.沟槽–瞬变裂流；h.聚焦型–沟槽裂流；i.边界–沟槽裂流；j.岬湾单元裂流；k.冲流带裂流

Fig. 2 Interpreting signs of various types of rip currents

a. Shear instability rips; b. flash rips; c. channel rip currents; d. focused rips; e. deflection rips; f. shadow rips; g. channel-flash rips; h. focus-channel rips; i. boundary-channel rips; j. embayed-cellular rips; k. swash rips

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图 3 14个海滩的位置示意图

平海东、平海西分别是指广东省惠州市平海镇东侧和西侧海湾

Fig. 3 Location diagram of the 14 beaches

Pinghai East and Pinghai West refer to the bay on the east and west of Pinghai Town, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province respectively

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图 4 广澳湾裂流逐月分类统计

Fig. 4 Monthly classification statistics of rip currents in the Guang ’ao Bay

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图 5 东海岛裂流逐月分类统计

Fig. 5 Monthly classification statistics of rip currents in the Donghai Island

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图 6 月亮湾裂流逐月分类统计

Fig. 6 Monthly classification statistics of rip currents in the Moon Bay

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图 7 14个海滩的裂流类型结构

Fig. 7 Rip current type structure of 14 beaches

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图 8 14个海滩的海滩长度和年平均裂流数

Fig. 8 Beach length and annual mean number of rip currents of the 14 beaches

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图 9 岬角海湾的海湾长度和年平均裂流数

Fig. 9 Bay length and annual mean number of rip currents of the headland bay

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图 10 岬角海湾的裂流类型比例和海湾凹入度

Fig. 10 Rip current types propotion and bay concave degree of the headland bay

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表 1 Castelle裂流分类类型表

Tab. 1 Castelle’srip current classification types

类型	种类
水动力学控制的裂流	剪切不稳定裂流
水动力学控制的裂流	瞬变裂流
水深控制的裂流	沟槽裂流
水深控制的裂流	聚焦型裂流
边界控制的裂流	偏斜裂流
边界控制的裂流	阴影区裂流
混合型裂流	沟槽−瞬变裂流
	聚焦型−沟槽裂流
	边界−沟槽裂流
	岬湾单元裂流

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表 2 影像各类型裂流解译判释表

Tab. 2 Interpretation of various types of rip currents in images

种类	解译标准
剪切不稳定裂流	位于沿岸均匀的开阔海滩，波浪高度倾斜入射，形成离岸的裂流头和狭窄的裂流颈，或物质离岸输移使颜色变深
瞬变裂流	位于沿岸均匀的开阔海滩，波浪近垂直入射，形成离岸的裂流头和狭窄的裂流颈，或物质离岸输移使颜色变深
沟槽裂流	沟槽切割沙坝或阶地并在开阔海滩上规律性地呈现；沟槽两侧波浪破碎形成白沫，影像上表现为白色
聚焦型裂流	入射波峰线由海向岸逐渐弯曲成韵律状，沿岸有白沫规律性凸起，在凸起附近有物质离岸输移使颜色变深
偏斜裂流	波浪从刚性边界迎风面入射，物质离岸输移使颜色变深
阴影区裂流	波浪从刚性边界背风面入射，在边界处白沫断裂
沟槽–瞬变裂流	波浪近垂直入射，沟槽宽度很小，在沟槽附近有细小的离岸白沫
聚焦型–沟槽裂流	有两层白沫(双沙坝)，外侧白沫相对不明显，内沙坝沟槽切割程度较深，沟槽宽度很大且呈现规律性分布
边界–沟槽裂流	位于刚性边界附近，有沟槽，沟槽两侧有白沫
岬湾单元裂流	海湾凹入度小于冲浪区宽度，海湾内白沫非常明显，在海岬两侧或中心有离岸白沫
冲流带裂流	有规律地形成在滩角处，呈细条状的白沫

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表 3 基于地形动力指标的滨海旅游海滩裂流风险等级表

Tab. 3 Beach characteristics and rip risk level based on morphodynamic values

海滩组别	泥沙沉降参数	相对潮差	海滩类型	裂流风险
反射组	Ω<2	RTR<3	完全反射型(R)	低
		RTR >7	低潮台地型(LTT)	低
		3LRTR≤7	低潮台地裂流型(LTTR)	中
中间状态型	2≤Ω≤5	RTR <3	沿岸沙坝型(B)	高
中间状态型	2≤Ω≤5	3BRTR≤7	低潮冲流沙坝裂流型(LTBR)	高
消散型	Ω>5	RTR <3	沙坝消散型(BD)	中
消散型	Ω>5	3BRTR≤7	无沙坝消散型(NBD)	低
超消散型	Ω>2	RTR >7	平缓超消散型(UD)	低

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表 4 14个海滩的影像统计

Tab. 4 Image statistics of 14 beaches

沙滩名称	图像数/景	无法识别/景	无裂流/景	有裂流/景
青澳湾	11	1	3	7
广澳湾	28	2	0	26
海门湾	26	1	1	24
红海湾东	12	0	1	11
平海东	26	4	2	20
平海西	23	2	3	18
西涌海滩	21	2	4	15
小梅沙	22	1	14	7
大梅沙	27	1	14	7
十里银滩	6	0	2	4
大角湾	7	1	1	5
月亮湾	4	0	0	4
水东湾	13	1	0	12
东海岛	23	1	6	16
合计	249	17	51	176
注：由于云量或光线等原因会造成某些影像无法识别。

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表 5 实际影像数量和有效影像数量

Tab. 5 Actual image number and effective image number

海滩名称	实际影像数量/景	有效影像数量/景
青澳湾	10	9.47
广澳湾	26	21.18
海门湾	26	18.56
红海湾东	12	12
平海东	22	14.07
平海西	21	16.7
西涌海滩	19	18.43
小梅沙	22	22
大梅沙	26	25
十里银滩	6	4.59
大角湾	6	5.11
月亮湾	4	3.33
水东湾	12	9.9
东海岛	22	10.47

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