Benthic food web structure of Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area revealed by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis
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摘要: 为了掌握小清河口邻近海域底栖食物网结构特征，于2020年10月在小清河口邻近海域采集沉积物有机质、悬浮颗粒有机物、浮游动物和浮游植物4种潜在食源及35种生物样本，应用碳氮稳定同位素技术以及贝叶斯混合模型（MixSIAR）分析了小清河口邻近海域底栖食物网结构和营养关系。结果显示，潜在食源的δ13C值范围为−25.56‰～−17.91‰，δ15N值范围为2.43‰～10.33‰；底栖生物的δ13C值范围为−23.48‰～−18.31‰，δ15N值范围为8.79‰～18.01‰；底栖生物营养级范围为1.65（凸壳肌蛤）～3.54（中华栉孔虾虎鱼）。营养关系分析表明，小清河口邻近海域主要存在两条能量传递途径，一是以浮游生物为主要能量来源的浮游食物链，其中双壳类（除短竹蛏）、小型虾类和多毛类等为主要初级消费者；二是以沉积物有机质为主要能量来源的底层食物链，短竹蛏和腹足类为主要初级消费者。整体而言，小清河口邻近海域底栖生物类群间存在一定程度的生态位重叠，竞争较为激烈。Abstract: To examine the benthos food web structure in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area, four potential food sources, including sediment organic matter (SOM), suspended particulate organic matter (POM), zooplankton and phytoplankton, and 35 aquatic organisms are collected in October 2020. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope technique and Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) are used to analyze the food web structure and the trophic relationship of benthos. The results show that the δ13C and δ15N values of potential food sources varies from −25.56‰ to −17.91‰ and 2.43‰ to 10.33‰, respectively. Moreover, the δ13C and δ15N values of benthos varies from −23.48‰ to −18.31‰ and 8.79‰ to 18.01‰, respectively. The trophic levels of the main consumers rang from 1.65 (Arcuatula senhousia) to 3.54 (Ctenotrypauchen chinensis). Trophic relationship analysis showes that there are two main energy transfer pathways in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area. One is the planktonic food chain with plankton as the major energy source, in which bivalves (except Solen brevissimus), small shrimps, and polychaetes are the main primary consumers. The other is the benthic food chain with SOM as the major energy source, in which Solen brevissimus and gastropods are the main primary consumers. On the whole, there is a certain degree of niche overlap and fierce competition among species in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area.
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图 1 小清河口邻近海域拖网站位图
Fig. 1 Trawling stations of the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
图 2 小清河口邻近海域底栖动物营养生态位及生态位重叠状况
Fig. 2 The nutritional niche and niche overlap of benthos in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
图 3 小清河口邻近海域底栖动物的营养级
Fig. 3 Trophic levels of benthos in Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
图 4 小清河口邻近海域底栖动物食物网结构
①不倒翁虫；②棘刺锚参；③毛蚶；④细螯虾；⑤隆线强蟹；⑥纵肋织纹螺；⑦多鳞鱚；⑧口虾蛄；⑨日本蟳、日本枪乌贼；⑩斑尾刺虾虎鱼
Fig. 4 The structure of benthos food web in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
①Sternaspis scutata；②Protankyra bidentata；③Anadara kagoshimensis；④Leptochela gracilis；⑤Eucrate crenata；⑥Nassarius variciferus；⑦Sillago sihama；⑧Oratosquilla oratoria；⑨Charybdis japonica，Loliolus japonica；⑩Acanthogobius ommaturus
表 1 小清河口邻近海域潜在食源的δ13C值及δ15N值
Tab. 1 The δ13C and δ15N values of potential food source in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
潜在食源 站位 δ13C值/‰
（均值±标准差）δ15N值/‰
（均值±标准差）沉积物有机质 5 −23.79±0.33 3.23±0.30 6 −24.32±0.10 2.43±0.12 10 −21.55±0.26 3.69±0.26 12 −18.58±0.51 4.53±0.08 悬浮颗粒有机物 1 −23.09±0.17 7.50±0.24 4 −20.54±0.12 8.16±0.22 6 −17.91±0.23 7.47±0.25 11 −19.73±0.02 2.77±0.22 浮游植物 1 −23.53±0.05 5.42±0.06 4 −25.44±0.22 8.91±0.02 6 −23.69±0.05 9.61±0.04 12 −25.56±0.04 9.86±0.22 浮游动物 4 −19.41±0.22 10.17±0.13 11 −18.09±0.28 10.33±0.11 12 −19.53±0.74 6.69±0.61 
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表 2 小清河口邻近海域底栖生物的δ13C值及δ15N值
Tab. 2 The δ13C and δ15N values of benthos in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
物种 拉丁名 站位 体长/mm 样本数 δ13C值/‰ δ15N值/‰ 双壳类* 毛蚶 Anadara kagoshimensis 4、6、9 26.84±2.98 3 −21.35±0.08 12.87±0.12 日本镜蛤 Dosinorbis japonica 2 48.02 1 −20.61±0.03 13.53±0.21 菲律宾蛤仔 Ruditapes philippinarum 4、6 26.53±1.55 2 −22.68±0.01 13.08±0.03 文蛤 Meretrix meretrix 6 48.99 1 −22.21±0.02 14.42±0.08 凸壳肌蛤 Arcuatula senhousia 6 13.61±2.25 2 −23.48±0.05 12.87±0.71 短竹蛏 Solen brevissimus 10 11.61±0.78 2 −20.22±0.12 8.79±0.09 腹足类* 斑纹无壳侧鳃 Pleurbranchaea novaezealandiae 10 − 2 −18.35±0.18 11.75±0.29 经氏壳蛞蝓 Philine kinglipini 6、10 − 6 −20.7±0.27 11.58±0.13 红带织纹螺 Nassarius succinctus 6 − 12 −19.02±0.05 14.85±0.12 纵肋织纹螺 Nassarius variciferus 7、11 − 28 −18.91±0.07 14.14±0.18 扁玉螺 Neverita didyma 3 30.00±2.58 2 −19.06±0.18 13.31±0.17 脉红螺 Rapana venosa 8 53.6±21.00 2 −20.68±0.15 13.71±0.17 多毛类 不倒翁虫 Sternaspis scutata 10 − 1 −18.32±0.12 11.17±0.00 棘皮动物 棘刺锚参 Protankyra bidentata 5、6、10 54.21±5.33 3 −18.75±0.10 11.75±0.00 虾类 口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria 9 99.80±3.86 3 −19.59±0.24 16.84±0.22 细螯虾 Leptochela gracilis 7 − 12 −21.46±0.15 13.54±0.15 葛氏长臂虾 Palaemon gravieri 1、7 84.78±10.20 3 −19.16±0.06 14.13±0.20 鹰爪虾 Trachysalambria curvirostris 5、7、10、11 30.29±5.26 9 −19.32±0.03 15.43±0.16 中国明对虾 Penaeus chinensis 9 44.09±2.52 2 −20.05±0.03 16.35±0.04 日本鼓虾 Alpheus japonicus 9、12 26.17±3.10 5 −18.69±0.18 13.95±0.38 蟹类** 日本拟平家蟹 Heikeopsis japonica 5、10 − 7 −19.14±0.02 15.7±0.03 日本蟳 Charybdis japonica 2、9、10 37.41±1.56 4 −19.37±0.01 16.22±0.16 隆线强蟹 Eucrate crenata 2、3 31.13±6.48 5 −18.72±0.04 15.31±0.16 寄居蟹 Pagurus minutus 6 − 5 −19.69±0.21 15.42±0.15 鱼类 髭缟虾虎鱼 Tridentiger barbatus 8 65.67 1 −19.17±0.02 15.52±0.10 方氏云鳚 Pholis fangi 7 143.29±1.29 2 −20.83±0.09 13.77±0.18 普氏缰虾虎鱼 Acentrogobius pflaumii 12 77.91±4.45 2 −19.48±0.02 16.33±0.11 多鳞鱚 Sillago sihama 10 132.46 1 −18.72±0.11 12.03±0.22 斑尾刺虾虎鱼 Acanthogobius ommaturus 3 217.79 1 −18.95±0.03 16.97±0.10 中华栉孔虾虎鱼 Ctenotrypauchen chinensis 1、7 84.78±10.20 3 −19.25±0.02 18.01±0.13 朝鲜斜棘鴨 Callionymus koreanus 1、6 78.47±7.36 2 −19.97±0.01 15.13±0.19 日本带鱼 Trichiurus lepturus 12 312.00 1 −19.07±0.04 13.83±0.19 焦氏舌鳎 Cynoglossus joyneri 5、8 137.84±8.00 2 −18.31±0.06 11.83±0.14 矛尾虾虎鱼 Chaeturichthys stigmatias 1、9、12 103.60±10.25 3 −18.72±0.11 13.13±0.11 头足类*** 日本枪乌贼 Loliolus japonica 7、10 42.80±7.02 4 −19.79±0.10 16.69±0.06 注：*代表以壳宽表示体长；**代表以头胸甲宽表示体长；***代表以胴长表示体长；−代表无调查数据。
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表 3 小清河口邻近海域底栖生物食物贡献率
Tab. 3 Food contribution rate of benthos in the Xiaoqing River Estuary adjacent sea area
类群 物种 （平均贡献率±标准差）/% 悬浮颗粒有机物(POM) 沉积物有机质(SOM) 浮游植物 浮游动物 双壳类 多毛类 小型虾类 小型蟹类 腹足类 小型鱼类 浮游和碎屑食性 不倒翁虫 44.8±17.7 6.6±8.5 4.8±4.0 43.7±14.4 − − − − − − 棘刺锚参 26.8±18.8 13.7±12.4 8.6±5.4 50.9±13.3 − − − − − − 毛蚶 13.1±9.8 9.9±7.5 49.2±4.6 27.9±7.1 − − − − − − 日本镜蛤 7.9±6.1 5.9±4.7 41.1±4.0 45.1±5.7 − − − − − − 菲律宾蛤仔 11.0±7.5 7.8±6.5 69.7±5.1 11.5±5.5 − − − − − − 文蛤 1.7±2.1 1.4±1.8 67.2±3.8 29.7±3.9 − − − − − − 凸壳肌蛤 5.7±5.5 12.2±7.8 79.1±5.7 3.0±2.6 − − − − − − 短竹蛏 27.8±22.1 50.3±21.3 9.5±7.1 12.4±7.9 − − − − − − 细螯虾 7.6±6.3 5.4±4.6 53.7±4.1 33.3±5.7 − − − − − − 杂食性 斑纹无壳侧鳃 47.7±9.5 3.1±3.1 2.2±2.2 12.2±14.2 10.6±7.9 24.4±16.3 − − − − 经氏壳蛞蝓 11.5±12.5 38.0±14.3 9.3±9.8 6.2±6.9 18.8±9.5 15.3±10.7 − − − − 红带织纹螺 7.0±6.1 3.8±2.9 5.2±4.1 10.5±13.3 26.7±9.5 47.8±19.1 − − − − 纵肋织纹螺 13.7±9.3 5.1±4.1 4.4±3.7 15.4±17.2 21.5±11.1 40.1±21.5 − − − − 扁玉螺 24.4±13.1 7.8±6.5 4.7±4.2 13.8±16.4 23.0±12.6 26.7±19.2 − − − − 脉红螺 8.7±7.6 17.7±12.9 18.2±13.8 7.7±9.6 30.5±17.3 15.9±12.2 − − − − 日本拟平家蟹 4.2±4.0 2.1±1.8 4.1±3.6 9.2±11.9 40.7±7.5 41.4±16.7 − − − − 隆线强蟹 3.1±3.1 1.4±1.3 2.6±2.7 14.2±18.5 26.2±6.0 53.7±22.4 − − − − 寄居蟹 10.0±7.3 6.0±4.4 4.6±4.9 7.8±9.6 52.2±10.6 19.4±12.9 − − − − 肉食性 葛氏长臂虾 − − − 12.3±16.1 27.4±17.7 25.3±18.7 14.3±13.1 − 20.7±24.4 − 鹰爪虾 − − − 14.2±13.9 64.5±14.8 10.0±9.8 3.5±5.5 − 7.9±14.0 − 方氏云鳚 − − − 2.3±3.4 2.8±3.6 7.0±4.7 83.9±4.4 − 3.9±5.9 − 多鳞鱚 − − − 1.9±7.7 1.1±1.4 78.3±9.4 16.3±3.8 − 2.4±6.7 − 朝鲜斜棘鴨 − − − 4.1±6.1 58.0±14.2 7.1±6.7 21.7±11.9 − 9.0±12.3 − 口虾蛄 − − − 4.7±5.2 49.7±20.7 6.1±4.8 4.4±4.8 27.1±14.8 4.5±5.6 3.6±6.4 日本鼓虾 − − − 40.0±20.0 7.0±8.3 15.2±14.0 6.3±5.8 6.9±5.6 18.3±25.7 6.3±11.7 中国明对虾 − − − 4.2±4.5 9.4±13.8 9.8±5.8 29.3±6.1 36.1±8.1 6.3±6.9 4.9±6.8 日本带鱼 − − − 9.4±12.4 9.3±9.1 37.8±17.0 8.8±6.0 8.6±5.6 18.0±23.0 8.2±12.8 斑尾刺虾虎鱼 − − − 6.5±7.0 3.3±4.0 14.6±7.5 2.2±2.1 66.1±4.9 4.8±6.7 2.4±3.9 中华栉孔虾虎鱼 − − − 2.1±2.3 5.8±6.5 3.5±2.6 4.8±3.5 78.6±4.8 2.8±3.2 2.3±3.2 普氏缰虾虎鱼 − − − 5.4±5.9 10.2±11.8 12.3±7.7 13.0±5.8 43.2±7.7 8.8±9.9 7.1±10.2 髭缟虾虎鱼 − − − 6.5±7.4 8.7±9.2 23.6±10.9 7.9±4.5 35.6±7.4 11.2±13.3 6.6±9.5 焦氏舌鳎 − − − 1.5±2.6 1.0±1.1 92.9±3.3 1.1±1.0 1.3±1.0 1.3±2.0 0.9±1.4 矛尾虾虎鱼 − − − 7.6±11.1 7.2±7.2 58.2±14.9 4.4±3.6 6.9±4.6 11.3±16.3 4.4±7.6 日本蟳 − − − 6.5±7.1 11.9±12.6 12.2±8.1 9.7±5.6 41.3±8.4 10.8±11.7 7.6±10.7 日本枪乌贼 − − − 4.2±4.6 15.7±20.8 8.2±5.5 19.6±7.5 42.0±12.8 5.9±6.7 4.4±6.7 注：−代表无食物贡献。
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