Evaluation on sediments quality around the Yongxing Island of Xisha
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摘要: 根据2009‒2017年9个航次对西沙永兴岛附近海域共6个站位的沉积物重金属监测结果,应用数理统计法估算了该区域7种重金属元素的背景值,分析了重金属的含量及年际变化,采用单因子标准指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明:研究区域沉积物重金属具有低背景值,均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,沉积物质量为优。7种重金属含量的年际变化显著,变化规律不尽相同,受岛上开发活动影响较大。从2009年到2017年,重金属Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、As和Hg含量变化的总体趋势先增多后减少,Pb的含量则表现为增多。潜在生态风险评价显示,多年平均潜在生态危害系数由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn,Cd和Hg是该研究海域潜在的生态风险因子。Abstract: Based on the investigations of surface sediments at six sampling stations of nine cruises carried out in the sea around the Yongxing Island of Xisha from 2009 to 2017, the background values of seven heavy metals are determined through the process of mathematical statistics, the contents and inter-annual variations of heavy metals are analyzed, and the contents of the heavy metals are evaluated by means of single factor standard index and potential ecological risk index. The results show that the background values of heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are low, the average level of them meet the first class of marine sediment quality, and the quality of sediment is excellent. The inter-annual variations of seven heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are slightly different and generally significant and affected obviously by the development activities on the Yongxing Island. From 2009 to 2017, the contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Hg are to increase first and then decrease, while the content of Pb is to increase. The assessment by means of potential ecological risk index shows that the multi year average of potential ecological risk indexes are in the order of Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cd and Hg are the main potential ecological risk factors of the study area.
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Key words:
- Yongxing Island /
- sediment /
- heavy metals /
- background values /
- inter-annual variations /
- ecological risk
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表 1 重金属元素含量测试值与标准值对比
Tab. 1 Comparison of test value and standard value of heavy metal contents
Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg 测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%测定值/
(μg·g−1)相对
偏差/%GBW07314
标准值(31.0±4.0) μg/g (25.0±4.0) μg/g (87.0±2.0) μg/g (0.20±0.04) μg/g (86.0±4.0) μg/g (10.3±1.4) μg/g (0.048±0.012) μg/g 2009年 30.8 0.6 24.4 2.4 88.4 1.6 0.19 5.0 87.7 2.0 10.20 1.0 0.051 6.2 2010年 31.5 1.6 25.2 0.8 87.5 0.6 0.21 5.0 86.4 0.5 10.46 1.6 0.049 2.1 2011年 31.5 1.6 25.1 0.4 86.4 0.7 0.17 15.0 88.1 2.4 10.34 0.4 0.043 10.4 2012年 28.9 6.8 23.3 6.8 86.8 0.2 0.19 5.0 85.5 0.6 10.18 1.2 0.050 4.2 2013年 31.4 1.3 24 4.0 88.6 1.8 0.19 5.0 87.7 2.0 10.57 2.6 0.043 10.4 2014年 31.3 1.0 25.6 2.4 88.5 1.7 0.22 10.0 87.7 2.0 10.67 3.6 0.054 12.5 2015年 29.9 3.5 24.8 0.8 87.4 0.5 0.17 15.0 83.0 3.5 10.15 1.5 0.042 12.5 2016年 29.9 3.5 24.7 1.2 90.1 3.6 0.20 0 85.6 0.5 10.76 4.5 0.051 6.2 2017年 29.8 3.9 24.9 0.4 86.7 0.3 0.19 5.0 86.5 0.6 11.08 7.6 0.054 12.5 检出限 0.5 1.0 6.0 0.04 2.0 0.06 0.002 表 3 潜在生态风险指数法的污染评价等级划分
Tab. 3 Pollution level classification of potential ecological risk index
${E_r}^i $范围 单个重金属污染物
生态风险程度分级RI范围 综合潜在生态
风险程度分级${E_r}^i $<40 低 RI<130 低 40≤${E_r}^i $<80 中 130≤RI<260 中 80≤${E_r}^i $<160 较高 260≤RI<520 较高 160≤${E_r}^i $<320 高 RI≥520 高 ${E_r}^i $≥320 很高 表 4 永兴岛周边海域表层沉积物中重金属含量的背景值(单位:μg/g)
Tab. 4 Background values of heavy metals contents in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area(unit: μg/g)
项目 Zn Cd Pb Cu Cr As Hg 样品数 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 测值范围 9.1~15.5 未检出~0.04 5.9~9.2 0.7~1.1 4.8~7.3 0.78~1.51 0.006~0.009 算术平均值 11.0 0.03 8.1 0.9 6.5 1.02 0.008 算术标准差 2.4 0.01 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.29 0.001 平均背景值 11.0 0.03 8.1 0.9 6.5 1.02 0.008 背景值范围 8.5~13.4 0.02~0.04 6.9~9.3 0.7~1.0 5.4~7.5 0.73~1.32 0.006~0.009 南海陆架区沉积物背景值[21] 54.4 0.18 15.6 7.43 39.3 9.71 0.020 中国浅海沉积物背景值[22] 65 0.065 20 15 60 7.7 0.025 南海北部陆架区沉积物背景值[23] 16.9 0.79 23.0 9.0 25.5 − − 南海深海区沉积物背景值[24] 149.0 0.21 22.4 54.1 69.3 7.24 0.089 注:−代表无此结果。 表 5 2009−2017年永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量(单位:μg/g)
Tab. 5 Contents of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area from 2009 to 2017(unit: μg/g)
项目 Zn Cd Pb Cu Cr As Hg 2009年 范围 9.1~15.5 未检出~0.04 5.9~9.2 0.7~1.1 4.8~7.3 0.78~1.51 0.006~0.009 平均值 11.0 0.03 8.1 0.9 6.5 1.02 0.008 变异系数 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 2010年 范围 9.5~ 14.2 未检出~ 0.11 10.4~ 32.9 0.6~ 2.5 未检出~ 9.3 1.64~ 3.33 0.010~ 0.020 平均值 11.7 0.06 21.0 1.6 5.8 2.45 0.015 变异系数 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 2011年 范围 未检出~14.4 未检出~ 0.28 4.6~ 29.3 1.5~ 4.5 2.4~ 6.7 2.59~ 3.58 0.002~ 0.033 平均值 10.6 0.16 15.7 2.5 4.3 3.06 0.008 变异系数 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.5 2012年 范围 未检出~ 128.3 0.05~0.32 3.1~ 27.6 1.4~ 8.8 3.1~ 12.9 1.11~ 2.57 0.004~ 0.016 平均值 33.7 0.12 12.1 4.1 6.5 1.87 0.007 变异系数 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 2013年 范围 16.6~ 25.5 0.12~ 0.44 3.5~ 8.0 1.0~ 5.8 3.6~ 40.0 2.06~ 10.32 0.008~ 0.015 平均值 19.5 0.25 5.8 3.3 22.6 5.42 0.011 变异系数 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 2014年 范围 未检出~ 6.1 0.12~ 0.20 5.4~ 13.9 未检出~ 2.6 4.2~ 10.1 2.70~ 4.27 0.024~ 0.035 平均值 2.3 0.15 8.9 1.6 6.7 3.62 0.030 变异系数 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 2015年 范围 22.9~ 29.3 未检出~ 0.15 3.2~ 24.8 1.6~ 3.5 未检出~ 4.1 0.20~ 0.78 0.002~ 0.009 平均值 26.1 0.08 13.8 2.3 1.5 0.42 0.004 变异系数 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.6 2016年 范围 10.1~ 35.6 0.04~ 0.07 23.7~ 52.4 0.8~ 3.6 未检出 2.88~ 4.55 0.015~ 0.020 平均值 22.9 0.06 42.8 1.5 0.5 3.60 0.018 变异系数 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 2017年 范围 6.2~ 10.9 未检出~ 0.06 14.9~ 38.6 0.5~ 1.2 未检出~ 2.2 1.27~ 2.90 0.004~ 0.011 平均值 8.5 0.03 26.1 0.9 0.8 1.89 0.008 变异系数 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 多年变化范围 未检出~ 128.3 未检出~0.44 3.1~52.4 未检出~8.8 未检出 ~40.0 0.20~10.32 0.002~0.035 多年平均值 16.2 0.11 17.1 2.1 6.1 2.59 0.012 《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准值[25] 150.0 0.50 60.0 35.0 80.0 20.0 0.20 中国浅海沉积物
元素丰度[21−22]65 0.065 15 20 60 7.7 0.025 表 6 2009−2017年永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害风险指标
Tab. 6 The risk index of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area from 2009 to 2017
年份 Eri RI Zn Cd Pb Cu Cr As Hg 2009 最小值 0.83 20.00 3.64 3.89 1.48 7.65 30.00 71.36 最大值 1.41 40.00 5.68 6.11 2.25 14.80 45.00 106.85 平均值 1.00 33.33 5.01 4.91 1.99 10.02 38.33 94.59 2010 最小值 0.86 20.00 6.42 3.33 0.31 16.05 50.00 130.10 最大值 1.29 110.00 20.31 13.89 2.86 32.65 100.00 266.41 平均值 1.06 61.67 12.97 8.98 1.78 24.04 74.17 184.67 2011 最小值 0.27 20.00 2.84 8.33 0.74 25.39 10.00 86.12 最大值 1.31 280.00 18.09 25.00 2.06 35.10 165.00 353.65 平均值 0.96 160.00 9.67 13.98 1.33 29.97 41.25 257.17 2012 最小值 0.27 50.00 1.91 7.78 0.95 10.88 17.50 107.24 最大值 11.66 320.00 17.04 48.89 3.97 25.20 80.00 441.13 平均值 3.07 123.33 7.48 22.59 2.01 18.33 33.33 210.15 2013 最小值 1.51 120.00 2.16 5.56 1.11 20.20 40.00 264.70 最大值 2.32 440.00 4.94 32.22 12.31 101.18 75.00 549.72 平均值 1.77 251.67 3.60 18.33 6.96 53.12 53.33 388.78 2014 最小值 0.14 120.00 3.33 1.39 1.29 26.47 120.00 315.24 最大值 0.55 200.00 8.58 14.44 3.11 41.86 175.00 396.07 平均值 0.21 151.67 5.50 9.12 2.05 35.47 148.33 352.36 2015 最小值 2.08 20.00 1.98 8.89 0.15 1.96 10.00 51.56 最大值 2.66 150.00 15.31 19.44 1.26 7.65 45.00 230.70 平均值 2.37 78.33 8.52 12.87 0.45 4.10 20.00 126.64 2016 最小值 0.92 42.68 14.61 4.36 0.15 28.24 75.00 201.20 最大值 3.24 72.49 32.35 20.14 0.15 44.61 97.50 232.85 平均值 2.08 55.42 26.39 8.11 0.15 35.32 87.92 215.40 2017年 最小值 0.57 20.00 9.17 2.63 0.15 12.45 20.00 81.43 最大值 0.99 55.91 23.84 6.41 0.69 28.43 55.00 130.12 平均值 0.78 33.92 16.12 4.90 0.24 18.55 38.33 112.84 多年变化 最小值 0.14 20.00 1.91 1.39 0.15 1.96 10.00 51.56 最大值 2.08 120.00 14.61 8.89 1.48 28.24 120.00 315.24 平均值 1.48 105.48 10.59 11.53 1.89 25.44 59.44 215.84 -
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