Seasonal distribution and driving forces of suspended particulate matter in the northern Yellow River Delta
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摘要: 近岸海域悬浮颗粒物的分布与扩散对水体生态环境、海岸地貌演变、水产养殖以及海岸工程等有重要影响。由于刁口河流路的改道，黄河三角洲北部成为强烈侵蚀岸段，揭示该区域的悬浮物浓度变化特征和规律是防护工程安全维护的基础。利用经良好检验的模型反演近岸海域悬浮物浓度，Landsat-8和Sentinel-2卫星影像反演结果的交叉验证表明，基于两种传感器反演的悬浮物浓度具有较强的一致性，两种卫星数据可以结合使用。研究区近岸海域悬浮物浓度季节变化明显，冬季和春季悬浮物浓度较高，夏季较低，秋季是悬浮物浓度从低向高转换的季节。冬、春季该区域风浪较大，在波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用下，底床泥沙强烈再悬浮，是形成悬浮物的主要来源，丁坝群的修建也在一定程度上改变了悬浮物的时空分布。
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关键词:
- 黄河三角洲强侵蚀岸段 /
- 悬浮物浓度 /
- 遥感反演 /
- 季节性分布 /
- 驱动因素
Abstract: The distribution and diffusion of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in coastal waters play an important role on ecological environment, coastal geomorphic evolution, aquaculture and coastal engineering. The northern Yellow River Delta is a strong coastal erosion area due to the diversion of Diaokou course. Revealing the variation characteristics and laws of SPM concentration in this area is the basis for maintaining the safety of protection projects. Using the well-validated model to retrieve the SPM concentration in the coastal waters, the cross validation results of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite sensors show that the SPM concentrations retrieved by the two sensors have strong consistency, and the two kinds of satellite data can be used together. The seasonal variation of SPM concentration in the study area is obvious. The concentration of SPM is higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer. Autumn is the season when SPM concentration changes from low to high. In winter and spring, the wind and waves are large in this area. Under the combined action of waves and current, strong sediment resuspension occurs, which is the main source of SPM. The construction of spur dike group altered the spatial and temporal distribution of SPM to a certain extent. -
图 1 研究区位置，黄河三角洲主要入海流路及海岸侵蚀分布
Fig. 1 Study area, related river channels, and coastal erosion in the Yellow River Delta
图 2 Landsat-8 OLI与Sentinel-2 MSI的交叉验证
Fig. 2 Cross validation of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI
图 3 研究区月均悬浮物浓度分布变化
Fig. 3 Monthly mean suspended particulate matter distribution in the study area
图 4 研究区悬浮物浓度（SPM）等值线分布
Fig. 4 Contour of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration in the study area
图 5 1976年6月2日成像的Landsat-2 MSS影像（a）；2018年6月6日成像的Sentinel-2 MSI影像（b）
红色线为提取的瞬时水边线，浅绿色为土地侵蚀区域的分布
Fig. 5 Landsat-2 MSS image on June 2, 1976 (a); Sentinel-2 MSI image on June 6, 2018 (b)
The red line being the extracted instantaneous waterline, the light green illustrating land erosion
图 7 黄河三角洲近岸大潮期间的数值模拟
a. 涨急流速分布；b. 落急流速分布；c. 只考虑潮流过程的悬沙浓度分布；d. 波流共同作用下的悬沙浓度分布
Fig. 7 Numerical simulation during spring in the Yellow River Delta
a.Velocity distribution in maximum flood phrase; b.velocity distribution in maximum ebb phrase; c.suspended particulate matter distribution in the tidal flow alone; d. suspended particulate matter distribution under the combined action of wave and current
图 8 风暴潮期间研究区悬浮物浓度分布（图中灰色区域为云掩膜）
Fig. 8 Suspended particulate matter distribution in the study area during a storm event (the gray area in the image is cloud mask)
图 9 研究区内的丁坝群在黄河三角洲海岸的位置（a）和丁坝A1、A2、B和C的分布（b）
Fig. 9 Location of the spur dikes in the Yellow River Delta (a) and distribution of spur dikes A1, A2, B and C (b)
图 10 L1和L2横断线上月均悬浮物浓度
Fig. 10 Average monthly suspended particulate matter concentration on the L1 and L2 transections
表 1 本研究中卫星影像的数量分布
Tab. 1 The number distribution of satellite images in this study
月份 传感器类型 合计 Landsat-8 OLI Sentinel-2A MSI Sentinel-2B MSI 1 3 2 2 7 2 2 3 3 8 3 3 3 2 8 4 2 4 3 9 5 2 5 1 8 6 3 1 2 6 7 2 2 2 6 8 3 2 2 7 9 3 3 3 9 10 3 3 2 8 11 1 5 3 9 12 2 4 2 8 
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表 2 研究区月均悬浮物分布不同浓度等级的面积统计（单位：km2）
Tab. 2 Area statistics of different concentrations of suspended particulate matter distribution in the study area (unit: km2)
悬浮物浓度/(mg·L−1) 春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 1月 2月 <30 799.8 830.0 1 999.6 3 473.5 3 267.3 3 208.1 3 261.4 2 786.9 1 288.0 61.1 0 0 30～60 1 238.8 1 219.0 788.1 117.1 323.6 343.9 329.4 523.5 1 285.6 493.6 511.4 283.1 60～100 781.6 1 097.9 525.9 0 0 37.9 0 279.8 876.1 2 403.2 2 170.3 1 912.3 >100 770.6 443.9 277.2 0 0 0 0 0 141.1 632.3 908.4 1 395.6
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