The characteristics of sea ice and atmospheric factors over the high latitude Arctic region
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摘要: 基于2018年8月至2019年5月布放在北极随海冰漂流的自动气象站和温度链浮标获取的观测数据，分析了北极高纬度区域的大气特征和海冰生消过程。根据海冰的漂移轨迹分为两个阶段分析，第1阶段，海冰主要向东南漂移；第2阶段，海冰主要向东北漂移。第1阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–6.6℃和93%，第2阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–29.3℃和76%，第2阶段平均气压高于第1阶段。海冰的漂移轨迹主要受到波弗特高压外围气流的影响。利用自动气象站漂移轨迹计算得到海冰漂移速度，与美国国家冰雪数据中心海冰漂移速度比较显示，两者纬向速度更为接近。海冰在第1阶段以融化为主，海冰厚度略有减小，8月份海冰生长率为–0.11 cm/d；海冰的生长过程主要发生在第2阶段，1–3月生长率均超过0.9 cm/d，2019年3月海冰生长最快，平均生长率为1.3 cm/d，海冰的增长一直持续至观测结束。Abstract: The evolution of atmospheric factors and sea ice growth of the Arctic high latitude region process are analyzed based on the data observed by the drifting automatic weather station over the period from August 2018 to May 2019. The evolution shows two different phases according to the sea ice drifting trajectory. The sea ice mainly drifted to the southeast in the first phase and drifted to the northeast in the second phase. The averaged air temperature and averaged relative humidity are −6.6℃ and 93% for the first phase and those are −29.3℃ and 76% for the second phase. The averaged pressure is higher in the second than that in the first phase. The sea ice drifting trajectory are mainly affected by the Beaufort High. The sea ice velocity from automatic weather station derived and NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center) are compared and the result show that the zonal velocity is unanimous. The sea ice is mainly melting in the first and sea ice thickness show decrease in the first phase. The sea ice growth rate is −0.11 cm/d in August. The sea ice growth mainly occurs in the second phase. The sea ice growth rate is larger than 0.9 cm/d from January to March 2019. The largest monthly averaged sea ice growth rate is in March with the value of 1.1 cm/d and the sea ice keep growth until the end of the observation period.
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Key words:
- sea ice growth /
- sea ice velocity /
- Beaufort High /
- drifting automatic weather station
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图 1 2018年8月21日至2019年5月8日自动气象站及漂移轨迹
Fig. 1 The drift trajectory of the automatic meteorological station over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019
图 2 2018 年8 月21 日至2019 年5 月8 日日平均的气压(a)，风速（b），相对湿度（c）和气温(d) 时间序列
垂直黑虚线为10 月24 日，a中AWS表示自动气象站观测的气压，b−d中AWS 2 m和AWS 4 m分别表示自动气象站在2 m和4 m高度观测的量，ERA-I表示来自ERA-Interim
Fig. 2 Time series of daily averaged pressure (a), wind speed (b), relative humidity (c) and air temperature (d) over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019
The vertical dotted line indicats the October 24 for the different phase. AWS indicates the AWS observed pressure in a. AWS 2 m and AWS 4 m in b−d indicate the observation at height of 2 m and 4 m. ERA-I indicates the data from ERA-Interim
图 3 2018年10月17–23日（a）和24–30日（b）平均海冰漂移速度和2018年10月24日前（蓝线）后（红线）的漂移轨迹
Fig. 3 The averaged sea ice drift velocity for the period of October 17−23, 2018 (a) and October 24−30, 2018 (b), the lines indicat the drift trajectory before (blue line) and after (red line) October 24, 2018
图 4 2018年10月17–23日（a）和24–30日（b）平均海表面气压和2018年10月24日前（蓝线）后（红线）的漂移轨迹
Fig. 4 The averaged sea level pressure for the period of October 17−23, 2018 (a) and October 24−30, 2018 (b), the lines indicat the drift trajectory before (blue line) and after (red line) October 24, 2018
图 6 2018年8月21日至2019年5月8日SIMBA温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰温度剖面随时间的变化
黑线为海冰上界面，绿线为冰水界面，垂直黑虚线为10月24日
Fig. 6 Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice system from the SIMBA buoy observations over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019
The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively. The vertical dotted line indicats the October 24 for the different phase
图 5 2018 年 8 月 21 日至 2019 年 5 月 8 日基于自动气象站轨迹计算（黑线）和 NSIDC（蓝线）日平均的纬向海冰漂移速度 (a)，经向海冰漂移速度（b）和合成海冰漂移速度时间序列（c）
U_AWS、V_AWS和UV_AWS分别表示基于自动气象站轨迹计算的纬向、经向和合成海冰漂移速度。U_NSIDC、V_NSIDC和UV_NSIDC分别表示来自NSIDC海的纬向、经向和合成海冰漂移速度
Fig. 5 Time series of daily averaged zonal sea ice drift velocity (a), meridional sea ice drift velocity (b) and the sea ice drift velocity (d) for automatic meteorological station derived (black) and NISDC (blue) over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019
U_AWS, V_AWS and UV_AWS indicate the zonal, meridional and synthesis sea ice drift velocity based on AWS, respectively. U_NSIDC, V_NSIDC and UV_NSIDC indicate the zonal, meridional and synthesis sea ice drift velocity from NSIDC, respectively
图 7 2018年8月21日至2019年5月8日日平均海冰温度（垂直黑虚线为10月24日）
Fig. 7 Time series of daily averaged sea ice temperature over the period from 21 August 2018 to 8 May 2019 (the vertical dotted line indicats the October 24 for the different phase)
图 8 2018年8月至2019年5月月平均海冰生长率
Fig. 8 Time series of monthly averaged sea ice growth rate over the period from August 2018 to May 2019
表 1 自动气象站传感器参数
Tab. 1 The type and key technical specifications of sensors for the drifting automatic meteorological station
要素 型号 测量范围 精度 气温 Vaisala HMP155 –90～60℃ ±0.1℃ 相对湿度 Vaisala HMP155 0～100% 3% 风速 XFY3-1 1.0～95.0 m/s 0～10 m/s时，≤±0.5 m/s；10～95 m/s时，≤±0.5% 标准风速 风向 XFY3-1 0°～360° ±3° 气压 Vaisala CS106 600～1 100 hPa 0.1 hPa 辐射 Li200x-135 400~1 100 nm 0.2 kW/(m2·mV) 数据采集器 CR1000-XT –55～60℃ – 
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