Interannual variability of meridional heat transport and its mechanism in the Indian Ocean during monsoon transitions
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摘要: 本文采用SODA3.4.2再分析数据和POP2海洋模式研究了季风转换期间（春季和秋季）热带印度洋经向热输运异常（Meridional Heat Transport Anomaly, MHTA）的年际变异特征。春季MHTA存在两个主要模态，即一致模态和辐合辐散模态：一致模态表现为热带印度洋上层一致的向北输运，受热带印度洋海温一致模相关的赤道反对称风场（赤道以北/南为东北风/西北风异常）调控；辐合辐散模态则呈现关于赤道对称的表层辐散次表层辐合特征，受控于赤道以南的热带西南印度洋和副热带东南印度洋海温偶极子。然而，秋季MHTA仅表现为辐合辐散模态，受到印度洋偶极子期间赤道东风和赤道外反气旋式风应力异常影响。此外，POP2敏感性试验也验证了印度洋海温模态影响下异常风场对MHTA的调控作用，即反对称的风引起一致向北的MHTA，赤道东风异常引起MHTA表层辐散、次表层辐合现象。因此，热带印度洋海气耦合模态年际变化对印度洋上层热量再分配有着重要的意义。Abstract: Interannual variability of meridional heat transport anomaly (MHTA) in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) during monsoon transitions (boreal spring and autumn) is investigated based on SODA3.4.2 and POP2 results. There exist two leading interannual modes in spring, namely the consistent mode and the divergence and convergence (div/conv) mode. The consistent mode characterized by the northward MHTA in the upper IO, is controlled by the antisymmetric wind structures with northeasterlies anomalous northeasterlies (northwesterlies) to north (south) of the equator. However, the spring div/conv mode is featured by the meridional divergence in the surface layer and convergence in the subsurface layer on both side of the equator. Such a mode is modulated by the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) dipole in the tropical southwestern IO and subtropical southeastern IO south of the equator. In autumn, the div/conv mode is dominated by the IOD-induced equatorial easterlies and associated anticyclonic wind stress anomalies in the off-equatorial regions. The POP2 model sensitivity experiments confirm the roles of anomalous winds induced by the Indian Ocean SSTA modes in modulating the MHTA, that is, the antisymmetric winds induce northward MHTA, while the anomalous easterly winds lead to the div/conv pattern. Therefore, the interannual variability of air-sea coupled modes in the IO plays a vital role in the basin-scale and hemispheric-scale heat exchanges.
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图 1 春季和秋季经向热输运异常 EOF分解的空间分布
Fig. 1 Major interannual modes of meridional heat transport anomaly during monsoon transitions
图 2 EOF分解的标准化时间序列
Fig. 2 The corresponding normalized principal components of EOF analyses
图 3 径向热输运异常分解项分别回归春季和秋季经向热输运异常对应的NPCs
a, d, g 分别由${v}'\overline{T}$项（vatm）、$\overline{v}{T}'$项（vmta）和${v}'{T}'$项（vata）导致的春季MHTA回归春季第一模态NPC；b, e, h. 与a, d, g类似，只是用春季MHTA分解项回归春季第二模态NPC；c, f, i. 与a, d, g类似，只是用秋季MHTA分解项回归秋季第一模态NPC
Fig. 3 Decomposition terms of meridional heat transport anomaly regressed onto spring and autumn meridional heat transport anomaly NPCs
a, d, g are the MHTA induced by the ${v}'\overline{T}$ (vatm), $\overline{v}{T}'$ (vmta) and ${v}'{T}'$ (vata) term regressed onto spring NPC1; b, e, h. same as a, d, g, but regressed onto spring NPC2; c, f, i. same as a, d, g, but regressed onto autumn NPC1
图 4 春季海表面风应力异常（单位：N/m2）和海表面温度异常（SSTA）分别回归春季一致模态（a）和辐合辐散模态（b）所对应的NPC1和NPC2；秋季海表面风应力异常和SSTA回归秋季辐合辐散模态所对应的NPC1（c）
打点区域SSTA超过90%信度检验，黑色矢量箭头超过90%信度检验
Fig. 4 Spring wind stress anomalies (unit: N/m2) and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) regressed onto spring NPC1 (a) and NPC2 (b), respectively; autumn wind stress anomalies and SSTA regressed onto autumn NPC1 (c)
The white dotted areas represent SSTA regression is exceeding 90% significance level. The black wind vectors represent wind field regression is exceeding 90% significance level
图 5 春季和秋季的温跃层深度异常分别回归春季NPC2（a）和秋季NPC1（b）辐合辐散模态所对应的NPCs
阴影区域温跃层深度异常超过90%信度检验
Fig. 5 Spring and autumn thermocline depth anomalies regressed onto spring NPC2 (a) and autumn NPC1 (b), respectively
Shaded areas represent the regression is exceeding 90% significance level
图 6 春季MHTA回归标准化的春季IOB指数（a）和春季纬向海温异常偶极子指数（b），秋季MHTA回归标准化的秋季DMI指数（c）
阴影区域MHT异常超过90%信度检验
Fig. 6 Spring MHTA (units: PW) regressed onto the spring IOB index (a) and SSTA dipole mode index (b), respectively. Autumn MHTA regressed onto the autumn DMI index (c)
Shaded areas represent the regression is exceeding 90% significance level
图 7 POP2模式经向流速在不同风场强迫下的响应
a. EXP-MAM1敏感性试验与春季控制试验之差；b. EXP-MAM2敏感性试验与春季控制试验之差；c. EXP-SON1敏感性试验与秋季控制试验之差
Fig. 7 Meridional velocity anomalies in response to different wind forcings based on POP2 results
a. Difference between EXP-MAM1 and spring CON; b. difference between EXP-MAM2 and spring CON; c. difference between EXP-SON1 and autumn CON
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