Morphodynamics and tidal flow asymmetry of the Huanghe River Estuary
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摘要: 涨落潮不对称是河口滨海区流场的重要特征，在泥沙输运和地貌演变过程中扮演着重要的角色。本文基于实测水深地形、沉积物粒度、水文泥沙观测等资料，分析了黄河口滨海区的冲淤变化、泥沙输运和沉积物特征。同时，本文利用Delft 3D模型模拟了黄河口滨海区的流场，并计算了不同条件下涨落潮流速的不对称分布，结合上述分析，探讨了黄河口滨海区冲淤演变的动力机制。结果表明：现行黄河口至莱州湾滨海区相间分布多个淤积和侵蚀中心；黄河口滨海区存在显著的涨落潮流速不对称现象，现行河口外为涨潮优势流分布区，并呈舌状向南部莱州湾方向伸展，而近岸和莱州湾则普遍为落潮主导；黄河口滨海区的冲淤变化很大程度上受涨落潮流速不对称空间分布及涨落潮优势流转换所控制；强北风作用增强和扩展涨潮优势，促使莱州湾淤积和沉积物粗化。Abstract: The asymmetry of flood and ebb plays an important role in the process of sediment transport and geomorphological evolution, which is a significant feature of the flow field in estuaries. The erosion and accumulation, sediment transport and sediment characteristics in the Huanghe River Estuary based on the measured topography, sediment particle size, hydrological and sediment observation data were analyzed in this paper. The Delft 3D model was used to simulate the flow field in the Huanghe River Estuary, and the spatial distribution of magnitude differences between flood and ebb velocities under different conditions were calculated. Combining the above, the dynamic mechanism of erosion and accretion in coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary was discussed. The results show that there are multiple siltation and erosion centers distributed between the active river mouth and the Laizhou Bay. There is a noticeable asymmetry of flood and ebb velocities in the area, and there is the flood dominant area off the active river mouth, extending the Laizhou Bay southward in a tongue shape, while the near shore and the Laizhou Bay are dominated by ebb. The erosion and deposition in the Huanghe River Estuary are largely controlled by the spatial distribution of flow velocity asymmetry and the conversion of dominant flow. The strong north wind strengthens and expands flood-dominance, and promotes siltation and coarsening of sediment in the Laizhou Bay.
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图 1 研究区水文泥沙观测站位和底质沉积物位置
Fig. 1 Locations of hydrological observation stations and sediment sampling in the study area
图 2 M2、S2、K1和O1分潮的同潮图
Fig. 2 Simulated co-tidal charts of M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents
图 3 2006年11月黄河口近岸海域定点表层和底层流速、流向模拟值与实测值对比
Fig. 3 Comparison of measured flow velocities and directions with the computed results in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary in November 2006
图 4 2007−2015年黄河口滨海区冲淤变化空间分布
虚线依次为2015年的5 m、10 m、15 m等深线
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of erosion and deposition in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary from 2007 to 2015
The dotted lines represent 5 m, 10 m and 15 m isobaths in order in 2015
图 5 2007年和2015年黄河三角洲海域表层沉积物中值粒径、分选系数空间分布
a. 2007年中值粒径；b. 2015年中值粒径；c. 2007年分选系数；d. 2015年分选系数
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of median grain size and sorting coefficient of surface sediment in the Huanghe River Delta in 2007 and 2015
a. Median grain size in 2007; b. median grain size in 2015; c. sorting coefficient in 2007; d. sorting coefficient in 2015
图 6 2007−2015年黄河三角洲海域底质变化
a.中值粒径增加量；b. 粒径大于0.016 mm组分质量变化百分比
Fig. 6 Changes of submarine sediment composition of Huanghe River Delta between 2007 and 2015
a. Increase in median grain size; b. percentage of components mass change whose grain size greater than 0.016 mm
图 7 2007 年(a) 和2015 年(b) 表层沉积物粒度趋势分析净输运矢量分布
Fig. 7 Distribution of surface sediment transport vectors in 2007 (a) and 2015 (b)
图 8 2007−2015年黄河口风场玫瑰图
Fig. 8 Wind speed rose chart of the Huanghe River Estuary from 2007 to 2015
图 9 黄河口近岸海域潮周期深度平均流速矢量
Fig. 9 Velocity vectors of depth-averaged currents in a tidal cycle in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary
图 11 黄河口近岸海域垂向平均余流分布
Fig. 11 Distribution of vertically-averaged residual currents in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary
图 12 黄河口滨海区垂向平均涨落潮流速不对称分布
——0——代表涨落潮流速相等
Fig. 12 Distribution of depth-areraged flood-ebb velocity asymmetry in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary
—0— represents the same speed of fluctuation current
图 13 2015年纯天文潮作用下黄河口滨海区垂向平均涨落潮流速不对称分布
Fig. 13 Distribution of depth-areraged flood-ebb velocity asymmetry in the coastal area of the Huanghe River Estuary only tidal action in 2015
表 1 各动力项潮周期输沙量和方向
Tab. 1 Tidal-averaged suspended sediment flux and direction of each dynamic term
站位 T1 T2 T4 T5 T6 T9 平流输沙项 潮流输沙项 总输沙 A1_第1次 输沙量/(kg·m−1·s−1) 50.46 0.44 7.59 0.26 1.17 9.91 49.12 3.15 52.23 方向/(°) 304 125 176 355 159 343 303 312 304 A1_第2次 输沙量/(kg·m−1·s−1) 8.78 0.47 20.55 0.12 0.43 0.05 8.23 20.60 13.03 方向/(°) 306 143 140 123 199 306 302 140 151 A2_第2次 输沙量/(kg·m−1·s−1) 11.70 0.37 1.40 0.05 0.15 0.65 11.53 0.97 12.21 方向/(°) 273 128 291 132 233 66 271 319 275 
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