海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对厦门海域极值水位的影响及危险性预估

许炜宏; 蔡榕硕

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021081

海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对厦门海域极值水位的影响及危险性预估

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021081

许炜宏^1,,
蔡榕硕^1, ,

自然资源部第三海洋研究所，福建厦门 361005

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划 (2017YFA0604902，2017YFA0604903，2017YFA0604901）；自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（海三科2017030）

详细信息

作者简介:
许炜宏（1995—），男，福建省晋江市人，主要从事海洋环境研究。E-mail：xuweihong@tio.org.cn

通讯作者:
蔡榕硕，男，研究员，主要从事气候变化和海洋环境研究。E-mail：cairongshuo@tio.org.cn

中图分类号: P731.23
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-04-16
- 修回日期: 2020-05-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-03-23
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-06

Impacts of sea level rise, strong typhoon and storm surge on extreme sea level in coastal waters of Xiamen and hazards estimation

Xu Weihong^1
,,
Cai Rongshuo^{1
, ,}

Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China

摘要

摘要: 气候变化背景下海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对我国东南沿海地区的洪涝灾害影响日益严重，为应对气候变化的影响，本文以位于我国东南沿海的厦门地区为例，应用多种海洋大气观测资料和数理统计及模拟方法，分析了历史上9914号和1614号两次台风对厦门海域极端海面高度(极值水位)的影响，预估了未来海平面上升情景下厦门海域极值水位的变化及其危险性。结果表明：(1) 9914号台风期间，天文大潮、风暴增水和强降水的同时出现造成了厦门沿海地区超警戒极值水位(732 cm)的出现；(2) 风(向岸强风)、雨(强降水)、浪(巨浪)、潮(高潮位)、流(急流)等多致灾因子的共同作用是厦门沿海地区发生严重灾情的重要原因；(3) 在温室气体中等和高排放(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)情景下，到2050年(2100年)，当前百年一遇的极值水位将分别变为30年(2年)一遇(RCP4.5)和25年(低于1年)一遇(RCP8.5)的频繁极端事件。这表明未来厦门沿海极值水位的危险性将显著上升，应采取充分的适应措施降低洪涝灾害风险。
- 海平面上升 /
- 台风 /
- 风暴潮 /
- 极值水位 /
- 危险性
Abstract: Sea level rise, strong typhoon and storm surge have increasingly serious impacts on coastal flood disasters in the southeastern China in the context of climate change. To address the climate change and estimate the hazard of extreme sea level in the future, based on the multiple data of oceanographic and atmospheric observation and methods of mathematical statistics, the impact of historical strong typhoon No.9914 (Dan) and No.1614 (Meranti) on the extreme sea level in coastal waters of Xiamen and estimates the changes and return of extreme sea level at scenarios of future sea level rise under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 was analyzed in this paper. The results show that: (1) astronomical tide, storm surges and heavy precipitation induced the extreme sea level event (732 cm) during the period of strong typhoon No.9914; (2) the combined impacts of multiple hazards such as wind (ashore gale), rainfall (heavy precipitation), waves (giant waves), tides (high tide) and current (torrents) is an important cause of serious disasters in coastland of Xiamen; (3) under the medium and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), by 2050 and 2100, recent 1-in-100-year extreme sea level event will become 1-in-30-year (1-in-2-year) and 1-in-25-year (1-in-less than 1-year). It shows that the hazards of extreme sea level on coastland of Xiamen will increase significantly, and high adaptation measures in Xiamen should be taken to reduce the risk on coastal flood hazards in the future.
- sea level rise /
- typhoon /
- storm surge /
- extreme sea level /
- hazards

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图 1 9914号、1614号台风全局路径(a)及其局部路径(b)

Fig. 1 The whole tracks (a) and the partial tracks (b) of typhoon No.9914 and No.1614

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 9914号台风“丹恩”期间厦门海域的天文潮位、风暴增水和降水过程

Fig. 2 The astronomical tide, storm surge and precipitation in coastal waters of Xiamen during the period of No.9914 Typhoon Dan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 1999年10月9日9914号台风“丹恩”登陆前后厦门海域海平面气压和地面10 m风场的变化（资料源自ERA-5）

Fig. 3 The change of sea level pressure and the 10 m wind field in coastal waters of Xiamen during the landing time of No.9914 Typhoon Dan on October 9, 1999 (data from ERA-5)

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图 4 1999年10月9日9914号台风“丹恩”期间厦门岛周边海域的表层潮流场

a. 低潮（06时）；b. 涨急（10时）；c. 高潮（12时）；d. 落急（15时）

Fig. 4 Surface flow field in coastal waters of Xiamen during the period of No.9914 Typhoon Dan on October 9, 1999

a. Low tide (06:00); b. flood peak (10:00); c. high tide (12:00); d. ebb peak (15:00)

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图 5 1999年10月9日9914号台风“丹恩”期间厦门附近海域平均波浪方向和有效波高（资料源自ERA-5）

Fig. 5 Wave direction and significant wave height in coastal waters of Xiamen during the period of No.9914 Typhoon Dan on October 10, 1999 (data from ERA-5)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 1614号台风“莫兰蒂”影响期间厦门海域天文潮位、风暴增水和降水过程

Fig. 6 The astronomical tide, storm surge and precipitation in coastal waters of Xiamen during the period of No.1614 Typhoon Meranti

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图 7 2016年9月14−15日1614号台风“莫兰蒂”登陆前后厦门附近海域海平面气压和10 m风场的变化（资料源自ERA-5）

Fig. 7 The change of sea level pressure and the 10 m wind field in coastal waters of Xiamen during the landing time of No.1614 Typhoon Meranti from September 14, 2016 to September 15, 2016 (data from ERA-5)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 2016年9月14−15日1614号台风“莫兰蒂”期间厦门岛周边海域平均波浪方向和有效波高（资料源自ERA-5）

Fig. 8 Wave direction and significant wave height in coastal waters of Xiamen during the period of No.1614 Typhoon Meranti from September 14, 2016 to September 15, 2016 (data from ERA-5)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 在RCP4.5(a)和RCP8.5(b)情景下未来厦门验潮站的极值水位事件和重现期（相对于1954−1999年平均海平面）的变化

Fig. 9 The relation between expected extreme sea level events and return period at Xiamen tidal gauge station, references to 1954−1999 mean sea level and future conditions for RCP 4.5 (a) and RCP 8.5 (b) scenarios

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 1989−2018年我国沿海各省因风暴潮造成损失情况

Tab. 1 The losses caused by storm surges in each coastal provinces of China from 1989 to 2018

省份	死亡及失踪人数	直接经济损失/亿元
辽宁	3	22.33
河北	2	41.92
天津	9	3.43
山东	170	102.86
江苏	53	103.19
上海	22	39.92
浙江	1942	691.16
福建	1291	983.97
广东	487	990.56
广西	160	94.83
海南	221	371.48

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同气候（RCP4.5、RCP8.5）情景下厦门验潮站50年一遇和100年一遇的极值水位的变化（相对于1954−1999年）

Tab. 2 1-in-50-year and 1-in-100-year extreme sea level events at Xiamen tidal gauge station, referenced to 1954−1999 for RCP (4.5, 8.5) scenarios

气候情景	时间	重现期/a	对应极值水位高度/cm
	当前	50	737
	当前	100	751
RCP4.5	2030年	50	750
	2030年	100	764
	2050年	50	762
	2050年	100	776
	2100年	50	798
	2100年	100	812
RCP8.5	2030年	50	751
	2030年	100	765
	2050年	50	765
	2050年	100	779
	2100年	50	822
	2100年	100	836

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 不同气候（RCP4.5、RCP8.5）情景下厦门验潮站当前50年一遇和100年一遇极值水位的重现期的变化（相对于1954−1999年）

Tab. 3 The return period of recent 1-in- 50-year and 1-in-100-year extreme sea level events at Xiamen tidal gauge station, referenced to 1954−1999 for RCP (4.5,8.5) scenarios

气候情景	当前重现期/a	时间	相同高度未来重现期/a
RCP4.5	50	2030年	26
		2050年	10
		2100年	<1
	100	2030年	55
		2050年	30
		2100年	2
RCP8.5	50	2030年	25
		2050年	8
		2100年	<1
	100	2030年	53
		2050年	25
		2100年	<1

下载: 导出CSV

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