西沙群岛宣德环礁的精细水下地貌组合特征及其成因机制

何其江; 刘刚; 王雪木; 郑志锋; 段轲; 韩孝辉; 沈爱斯

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021078

西沙群岛宣德环礁的精细水下地貌组合特征及其成因机制

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021078

何其江^{1, 2,},
刘刚^{1, 2, ,},
王雪木^{1, 2},
郑志锋^{1, 2},
段轲³,
韩孝辉^{1, 2},
沈爱斯^{1, 2}

1.
海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室，海南海口 570206
2.
海南省海洋地质调查研究院，海南海口 570206
3.
湖北省地质调查院，湖北武汉 430034

基金项目: 2019年海南省基础与应用基础研究计划（自然科学领域）高层次人才项目（2019RC350）；海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室自主课题（ZZ[2020]2019256-01）

详细信息

作者简介:
何其江（1987—），男，海南省海口市人，工程师，主要从事海洋调查与环境研究。E-mail：heqijiang@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
刘刚（1982-），男，辽宁省铁岭市人，高级工程师，主要从事海洋地质、沉积和地质灾害调查及研究工作。E-mail：174867122@qq.com

中图分类号: P714⁺.6
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-05-16
- 修回日期: 2020-10-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-20
- 刊出日期: 2021-08-25

Submarine geomorphologic features and genetic mechanism in the Xuande atoll, Xisha Islands

He Qijiang^{1, 2
,},
Liu Gang^{1, 2
, ,},
Wang Xuemu^{1, 2},
Zheng Zhifeng^{1, 2},
Duan Ke³,
Han Xiaohui^{1, 2},
Shen Aisi^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Resources and Environment of Hainan Province, Haikou 570206, China
2.
Marine Geological Survey Institute of Hainan Province, Haikou 570206, China
3.
HuBei Geological Survey, Wuhan 430034, China

摘要

摘要: 海底地形地貌及类型分布特征对指示区域地质构造影响、海平面升降、海洋水动力等有重要意义。本文通过侧扫声呐、单波束测深、表层沉积物取样等方法，分析了西沙群岛宣德环礁精细水下地貌组合特征，并探讨了其成因机制。结果表明：（1）宣德环礁为残缺型环礁类型，中部为潟湖沉积，礁盘之间形成西沙洲口门、“红草门”、环礁西缺口和环礁南缺口等4处水深超过60 m的深水口门，并首次识别了西沙洲口门；（2）宣德环礁水下地貌类型可划分为3级11类地貌类型。研究区的沙波及槽沟等动力地貌单元显示，宣德环礁浅水区海底特征地貌由盛行季风和波浪场所控制，深水口门形成的潮汐通道水体为塑造宣德环礁潟湖区动力地貌的主要因素。研究区东南部向海坡存在6级水下阶地，通过对比南海珊瑚礁阶地特征，宣德环礁向海坡阶地成因很可能是全球海平面变化和地壳沉降的共同作用。
- 侧扫声呐 /
- 水下地貌特征 /
- 分类体系 /
- 宣德环礁
Abstract: The submarine topographic features and distribution types of the Xuande atoll in the Xisha Islands have important indications for the influence of regional geological structure, sea level rise and fall, and ocean hydrodynamics. In order to study the submarine topography and geomorphology of the Xuande atoll, we detailed survey in the Xuande atoll of the Xisha Islands, including side scan sonar, single-beam sounding, and surface sediment sampling. The results show that: (1) Xuande atoll is a type of incomplete atoll, with lagoon deposits in the middle, and four water channels with a water depth of about 60 m had been divided, namely, the gate of the Xishazhou at the northwest of the atoll, the “Red Grass Gate” of the Nanshazhou-Yongxing, the gap on the west side of the atoll, and the gap on the south side of the atoll; (2) according to the geomorphic features, the underwater geomorphic types of the Xuande atoll are divided into 3 grades and 11 types of grades classification systems. The dynamic geomorphology units such as sand waves and grooves in the study area show that the submarine features in the shallow water area of Xuande atoll are controlled by prevailing monsoons and wave sites. The tidal channel water body formed by the deep water entrance is the main factor shaping the dynamic geomorphology of the Xuande atoll lagoon area. There are six levels of underwater terraces on the seaward slope in the southeastern part of the study area. By comparing the characteristics of the coral reef terraces in the South China Sea, the genesis of the seaward slope terraces on the Xuande atoll is likely to be a combination of global sea level changes and crustal subsidence.
- side scan sonar /
- submarine geomorphologic features /
- classification system /
- Xuande atoll

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图 1 研究区位置

Fig. 1 The location of study area

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图 2 研究区侧扫声呐测线位置

图中红字表示侧扫图像的位置

Fig. 2 The location of lines of side scan sonar in study area

The red numbers represent the position of side scan images

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图 3 宣德环礁水下三维地形图

Fig. 3 Three-dimensional map of the study region

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图 4 向海斜坡地貌带侧扫影像及其水深剖面（位置见图2）

Fig. 4 The side scan image and depth profiles along the seashore slope (the location is shown in Fig.2)

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图 5 潟湖区地貌带侧扫影像及其水深剖面（位置见图2）

Fig. 5 The side scan image and depth profiles in the lagoon lake (the location is shown in Fig.2)

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图 6 砂质海底、沙波侧扫影像及其表层沉积物（位置见图2）

a. 砂质海底侧扫影像；b−d. 砂质海底表层沉积物；f. 潟湖盆沙波侧扫影像；g. 向海坡沙波侧扫影像；e.潟湖盆沙波表层沉积物

Fig. 6 Sand seafloor, side scan image of sand wave and surface sediments (the location is shown in Fig.2)

a. Sand seabed side scan image; b−d. sand seabed surface sediments; f. lateral scan image of sand wave in lagoon basin; g. sand wave lateral image of sea slope; e. sand wave surface sediments in lagoon basin

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图 7 珊瑚礁侧扫影像及其表层沉积物（位置见图2）

a. 礁前区珊瑚礁影像；b. 礁前区珊瑚礁碎块；c. 潟湖盆边缘珊瑚礁侧扫影像；d. 潟湖盆边缘珊瑚礁表层沉积物；e. 潟湖盆珊瑚礁侧扫影像；f. 潟湖盆珊瑚礁表层沉积物

Fig. 7 Side scan image of coral reef and surface sediments (the location is shown in Fig.2)

a. Coral reef image in front of the reef; b. coral reef fragments in front of the reef; c. side scan image of coral reef at the edge of lagoon basin; d. surface sediments of coral reefs at the edge of the lagoon basin; e. side scan image of coral reef in lagoon basin; f. surface sediments of coral reefs in the lagoon basin

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图 8 突起脊−槽沟侧扫及水下影像（位置见图2）

a.永兴岛东南侧突起脊−槽沟侧扫影像；b. 永兴岛珊瑚礁坪前缘突起脊−槽沟水下影像^[39]

Fig. 8 Protruding ridge-groove side scan and underwater image (the location is shown in Fig.2)

a. Side scan image of protruding ridge-groove on the southeast side of Yongxing Island; b. underwater image of the protruding ridge-groove on the front edge of the coral reef flat of Yongxing Island^[39]

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图 9 向海坡水下阶地侧扫影像及其表层沉积物（位置见图2）

a. 七连屿向海坡水下阶地侧扫影像；b. 七连屿向海坡水下阶地表层沉积物

Fig. 9 Side scan images of underwater terraces and surface sediments on the slope (the location is shown in Fig.2)

a. Side scan image of underwater terrace on Qilianyu sea slope; b. surface sediments of the underwater terraces on the Qilianyu sea slope

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图 10 宣德环礁南部永兴岛周边海域水下侧扫影像（a）及其水深渲染图（b）

Fig. 10 Underwater side scan image (a) and bathymetry rendering of the waters (b) around Yongxing Island in the south of Xuande atoll

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图 11 宣德环礁侧扫地貌（a）及水下地貌类型（b）

Fig. 11 Side scan geomorphologic (a) and underwater geomorphologic type (b) of Xuande atoll

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图 12 宣德环礁潮汐水体运动趋势

Fig. 12 Tidal water movement trend of Xuande atoll

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图 13 七连屿向海坡水下阶地侧扫影像及地形剖面

a. 七连屿向海坡六级水下阶地侧扫影像；b. 七连屿向海坡六级水下阶地地形剖面；c. 永暑礁东南礁前向海坡地形剖面^[42]；d. 南沙群岛珊瑚礁礁外坡地形剖面^[18]

Fig. 13 Side scan image and topographic profile of underwater terraces on the seawall slope of Qilianyu Island

a. Side scan image of the sixth-level underwater terrace on the Qilianyu sea slope; b. topographic profile of the sixth-level underwater terrace on the Qilianyu sea slope; c. topographic profile of the front sea slope of the southeast reef of Yongshu Reef^[42]; d. topographic profile of the outer slope of the coral reef in the Nansha Islands^[18]

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表 1 砂质海底沉积物粒级组分统计表

Tab. 1 Statistical of grain size composition of the sand seafloor

点位	水深/m	砾石含量/%	砂含量/%	粉砂含量/%	黏土含量/%	平均粒径/（Φ）	分选系数	偏态系数	峰态系数
b	54.54	11.60	81.73	5.43	1.24	1.06	1.90	0.05	0.86
c	55.31	11.70	82.20	4.92	1.18	1.25	1.82	−0.17	0.90
d	56.46	0.00	59.84	32.76	7.40	4.03	2.33	0.48	0.84
e	53.23	0.00	82.19	15.87	1.94	2.99	1.28	0.35	1.48

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表 2 宣德环礁海底侧扫影像地貌分类

Tab. 2 Classification of landforms from side scan images of Xuande atoll

一级地貌	二级地貌	三级地貌	分类定义	微地貌特征	发育水深/m
1. 环礁顶	1.1 礁顶向海坡	1.1.1 礁前（向海侧）	礁坪礁脊线至水下礁脊线区域	槽沟、近岸浅水珊瑚礁群	<20
		1.1.2 礁盘前缘	水下礁脊线至礁盘边缘线区域	沙波、宣德环礁第二级水下阶地	20～70
		1.1.3 礁盘斜坡	礁盘边缘线至环礁边缘线区域	沙波、宣德环礁第三级水下阶地	70～100
	1.2 潟湖	1.2.1 礁前（潟湖侧）	礁坪礁脊线至水下礁脊线区域	槽沟、近岸浅水珊瑚礁群	<20
		1.2.2 潟湖坡	水下礁脊线至潟湖底斜坡区域		20～50
		1.2.3 潟湖底	潟湖平坦海底	水下砂质沉积	50～60
	1.3 潮汐通道	1.3.1 水下沙坝	受潮汐水道控制突入潟湖平坦海底的砂质沉积体	水下砂质沉积、浅水沙波	50～55
		1.3.2 潮汐水体通道	潮流水体自环礁边缘至潟湖水下砂质沉积体区域	水下砂质沉积	50～60
		1.3.3 潮汐通道深切区	潮流冲刷深切潟湖盆区域	砂质沉积反射特征的水下珊瑚群礁	55～60
2. 环礁向海斜坡	2.1 向海坡上坡	浅水平台	环礁边缘线以深平直型陡坡		100～700
2. 环礁向海斜坡	2.2 向海坡下坡	深水平台	切割起伏型斜坡		>700

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