大陆岛入海沉积物通量的估算研究

李高聪; 蔡廷禄; 李志强; 高抒

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021077

大陆岛入海沉积物通量的估算研究

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021077

李高聪^{1, 2,},
蔡廷禄³,
李志强^{1, 2},
高抒^4, ,

1.
广东海洋大学海洋技术系，广东湛江 524088
2.
广东省海洋遥感与信息技术工程技术中心，广东湛江 524088
3.
自然资源部第二海洋研究所，浙江杭州 310012
4.
华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室，上海 200062

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41676079）；国家科技基础资源调查专项（2019FY202105，2019FY202106）；广东海洋大学科研启动经费（060302112010）；湛江市创新创业团队引育“领航计划”（211207157080994）

详细信息

作者简介:
李高聪（1987-），男，广东省梅州市人，博士，主要从事海洋地质学研究。E-mail：gcli@gdou.edu.cn

通讯作者:
高抒（1956-），男，教授，主要从事海洋沉积动力学和沉积地质学研究。E-mail：sgao@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P736.21
计量
- 文章访问数: 231
- HTML全文浏览量: 177
- PDF下载量: 48
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-10-07
- 修回日期: 2020-12-19
- 网络出版日期: 2021-05-07
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-30

Quantifying sediment fluxes from continental shelf islands

Li Gaocong^{1, 2
,},
Cai Tinglu³,
Li Zhiqiang^{1, 2},
Gao Shu^{4
, ,}

1.
Department of Marine Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
2.
Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Marine Remote Sensing and Information Technology, Zhanjiang 524088, China
3.
Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
4.
State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

摘要

摘要: 大陆岛入海沉积物通量（Q_s）信息对于精确解译大陆架沉积记录的研究是个重要补充。针对如何估算大陆岛Q_s的科学问题，本文以中国东南部海域的8 227个大陆岛为例，提出了一种基于邻近大陆中小型河流Q_s的经验公式计算大陆岛Q_s的解决方案。该方案在实施时需设置两个假定，即大陆岛的Q_s法则遵循邻近大陆中小河流的Q_s法则和可将1个大陆岛当作1个河流流域计算其Q_s。结果表明：（1）经验公式计算的大陆岛Q_s为其最小估计值；如考虑大陆岛流域的具体情况，实际的Q_s值会稍微增加，但其增幅不超过n^0.13（n为流域数量）；（2）经验公式能获取大陆岛Q_s的大致数量级信息；大陆岛的总面积为4 418.49 km²，对应Q_s的数量级为10⁶ t/a，与邻近大陆中型河流入海通量的数量级相当；（3）在大河河口湾充填阶段完成以前，大陆岛沉积物是内陆架泥质沉积体的主要物源之一。因此，大陆岛入海沉积物会对大陆架沉积体系的形成和演化造成一定程度的影响，需引起研究人员的高度重视。
- 沉积物通量 /
- 大陆岛 /
- 邻近大陆中小型河流 /
- 经验公式修正 /
- 中国东南部海域
Abstract: The information on sediment flux (Q_s) from continental shelf islands is an important supplement to the study of accurate records interpretation of continental shelf sedimentary systems. Aiming at the scientific problem of how to estimate the Q_s of continental islands, this paper proposes a solution to calculate their Q_s based upon the empirical formula of small and medium-sized rivers in adjacent continent, taking the 8227 continental islands in Southeast China as examples. Two preconditions are set up to perform the calculation. That is, the Q_s rule of the continental islands follows the rule of the small and medium-sized rivers in adjacent continent, and a continental island can be treated as a river basin to calculate its Q_s. The results show that: (1) the Q_s calculated by empirical formula is the minimum estimated value; if the actual basins of the continental island are taking into considered, the Q_s value will slightly increase, but the increase will not exceed n^0.13 (n is the number of basins); (2) the empirical formula give the approximate magnitude information of Q_s for continent islands; the total area of the continental islands is 4418.49 km², and the corresponding order of magnitude of Q_s is 10⁶ t/a; (3) during the completion of the estuarine filling stage, the continental island sediment is one of the main source for the inner continental shelf areas. Therefore, more attentions and researches are expected to the role play by the continental shelf islands to the formation and evolution of continental shelf depositional systems.
- sediment flux /
- continental shelf islands /
- adjacent continent medium and small rivers /
- empirical formula revision /
- China southeastern shallow waters

HTML全文

图 1 大陆岛及其平均气温控制点和邻近大陆河流及其水文控制站分布

Fig. 1 Locations of continental shelf islands and their control of average temperature, and adjacent continent rivers and their gauging stations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 利用全球公式（a）和修正公式（b）计算的23条沿海流域沉积物入海通量预测值和观测值的相对误差

Fig. 2 Relative errors between the predicted sediment flux and observations of the 23 coastal watersheds calculated by global equations (a) and modified equations (b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 大陆岛的面积（a）、最大高程（b）、平均气温（c）和Q_s（d–f）空间分布

Fig. 3 Distribution of the area (a), maximum relief (b), average temperature (c) and sediment flux (d−f) of continental shelf islands

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 研究区26条河流特征参数特征值统计表

Tab. 1 Statistic of characteristics values of the 26 coastal rivers

编号	河流名称	流域面积/km²	最大高程/m	平均气温/℃	水文站	集水面积/km²	Q_s/ (10⁴ t·a⁻¹)	Q/10⁸ m³	时间段	主要参考文献
1	钱塘江	55 558	1 865	17.0	兰溪	18 233	155.95	314.4	1960–1979	[35]
2	椒江–永安溪	2 704	1 382	17.2	柏枝岙	2 475	42.32	22.10	1960–1979	[35]
3	椒江–始丰溪	1 610	1 144	16.8	沙段	1 482	33.31	10.40	1960–1979	[35]
4	瓯江	18 100	1 929	19.0	鹤城	13 400	195.15	133.75	1960–1979	[35]
5	飞云江	3 719	1 690	16.3	峃口	1 930	33.43	22.20	1960–1979	[35]
6	鳌江	1 530	1 232	18.5	埭头	343	6.38	4.91	1960–1979	[35]
7	水北溪	425	1 141	18.4	高滩	341	6.51	4.12	1970–1979	[37]
8	赛江	5 638	1 649	16.9	白塔	3 270	58.35	40.55	1960–1979	[37]
9	霍童溪	2 244	1 627	15.5	洋中坂	2 082	31.49	24.78	1960–1979	[37]
10	闽江	60 992	2 158	18.0	竹岐	54 500	748.00	539.00	1950–1978	[38]
11	木兰溪	1 732	1 451	20.0	濑溪	1 070	29.30	9.85	1959–1979	[39]
12	晋江	5 629	1 600	20.5	石砻	5 460	217.28	50.04	1950–1979	[40]
13	九龙江–北溪	9 640	1 823	20.5	浦南	8 490	166.72	82.41	1952–1979	[40]
14	九龙江–西溪	3 940	1 666	21.1	郑店	3 419	73.90	36.37	1952–1979	[40]
15	黄冈河	1 621	784	21.4	红霞	1 270	30.60	13.00	1956–1961	[34]
16	韩江	30 112	1 823	20.8	潮安	29 077	703.44	237.10	1955–1979	[41]
17	榕江	4 650	1 285	21.4	东桥园	2 016	65.40	28.10	1949–1979	[34]
18	东江	27 040	1 529	20.4	博罗	25 325	296.00	224.67	1954–1979	[42]
19	北江	46 710	1 929	20.0	石角	38 363	532.67	406.57	1954–1979	[42]
20	漠阳河	6 091	1 337	22.2	双捷	4 345	80.00	59.10	1954–1979	[34]
21	鉴江	6 948	1 703	22.0	化州	6 157	197.00	49.60	1953–1979	[43]
22	九洲江	3 337	596	22.3	缸瓦窑	3 086	34.00	18.40	1953–1979	[44]
23	南流河	9 232	1 257	22.0	长乐	6 592	115.00	52.79	1956–1979	[45]
24	南渡江	7 033	1 811	24.0	龙塘	6 841	44.99	59.98	1957–1979	[36]
25	昌化江	5 150	1 867	23.9	宝桥	4 634	83.88	37.99	1957–1979	[36]
26	万泉河	3 693	1 867	23.5	加积	3 236	52.97	49.89	1957–1979	[36]

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 沉积物入海通量（Q_s，单位：Mt/a）经验公式

Tab. 2 Prediction equations of sediment flux (Q_s, unit: Mt/a)

方程	全球公式	修正公式	备注
Model 1	Q_s=65A^0.56	Q_s=112.88A^0.91	A为流域面积（10⁶ km²）
Model 2	Q_s=α10^{(0.41lg(A)+1.28lg(R)−3.68)}	Q_s=α10^{(0.87lg(A)+0.31lg(R)−2.73)}	α为经验常数0.0315，A为流域面积（km²），R为最大高程（m）
Model 3	Q_s=2αA^0.45R^0.57e^−0.09T	Q_s=2αA^0.96R^−0.72e^−0.01T	α为经验常数0.0315，A为流域面积（km²），R为最大高程（m），T为平均气温（℃）

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 “海南岛”Q_s观测值、预测值和相对误差统计表

Tab. 3 Relative errors between the sediment flux predicted by the modified equations and observations of rivers in the Hainan Island

河流	观测值/（Mt·a⁻¹）	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
河流	观测值/（Mt·a⁻¹）	预测值/（Mt·a⁻¹）	RE	预测值/（Mt·a⁻¹）	RE	预测值/（Mt·a⁻¹）	RE
南渡江	0.45	1.23	1.72	1.29	1.87	1.02	1.27
昌化江	0.84	0.86	0.03	0.93	0.11	0.69	−0.18
万泉河	0.53	0.62	0.17	0.68	0.28	0.49	−0.07
3条河流均值	0.61	0.90	0.64	0.97	0.75	0.73	0.34
“海南岛”	1.82	2.46	0.35	2.53	0.39	2.09	0.15

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 东海和南海内陆架泥质沉积体系陆源供给特征（表中数值均指数量级）

Tab. 4 Sediment sources characteristics of the mud sedimentary systems in inner continental shelf of East China Sea and South China Sea (the values in the table refer to order of magnitude)

物源	数量/（条·个⁻¹）	A/km²	R/m	Q_s/（t·a⁻¹）	空间特征	时间特征
大型河流	10⁰	10⁶～10⁷	10³	10⁷～10⁸	沿大陆岸线有限点源、长距离	近2 000 a
中小河流	10¹	10²～10⁴	10²～10³	10⁴～10⁶	沿大陆岸线多点源、中距离	持续供给
大陆岛	10³	≤10²	≤10²	10⁰～10⁵	沿海岛岸线密集点源、短距离	持续供给

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(52)

[1]	Whittaker R J, Fernández-Palacios J M. Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
[2]	Stankowski S, Johnson M S. Biogeographic discordance of molecular phylogenetic and phenotypic variation in a continental archipelago radiation of land snails[J]. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2014, 14(1): 1−13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-2
[3]	夏小明. 中国海岛(礁)名录[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2012. Xia Xiaoming. China Island (Reef) List[M]. Beijing: China Ocean Press, 2012.
[4]	Baldacchino G. Archipelago Tourism: Policies and Practices[M]. London: Routledge, 2015.
[5]	Kurniawan F, Adrianto L, Bengen D G, et al. Vulnerability assessment of small islands to tourism: The case of the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2016, 6: 308−326. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.04.001
[6]	Blackburn D C, Siler C D, Diesmos A C, et al. An adaptive radiation of frogs in a southeast Asian island archipelago[J]. Evolution, 2013, 67(9): 2631−2646. doi: 10.1111/evo.12145
[7]	Whittaker R J, Fernández-Palacios J M, Matthews T J, et al. Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature’s laboratories[J]. Science, 2017, 357(6354): eaam8326. doi: 10.1126/science.aam8326
[8]	Ogasawara K. Neogene paleogeography and marine climate of the Japanese Islands based on shallow-marine molluscs[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1994, 108(3/4): 335−351.
[9]	Bover P, Quintana J, Alcover J A. Three islands, three worlds: Paleogeography and evolution of the vertebrate fauna from the Balearic Islands[J]. Quaternary International, 2008, 182(1): 135−144. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.039
[10]	Nittrouer C A, Kuehl S A, Demaster D J, et al. The deltaic nature of Amazon shelf sedimentation[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1986, 97(4): 444−458. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<444:TDNOAS>2.0.CO;2
[11]	Kuehl S A, Levy B M, Moore W S, et al. Subaqueous delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system[J]. Marine Geology, 1997, 144(1/3): 81−96.
[12]	Cattaneo A, Correggiari A, Langone L, et al. The late-Holocene Gargano subaqueous delta, Adriatic shelf: Sediment pathways and supply fluctuations[J]. Marine Geology, 2003, 193(1/2): 61−91.
[13]	Neill C F, Allison M A. Subaqueous deltaic formation on the Atchafalaya Shelf, Louisiana[J]. Marine Geology, 2005, 214(4): 411−430. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.002
[14]	Liu J P, Xue Z, Ross K, et al. Fate of sediments delivered to the sea by Asian large rivers: Long-distance transport and formation of remote alongshore clinothems[J]. The Sedimentary Record, 2009, 7(4): 4−9. doi: 10.2110/sedred.2009.4.4
[15]	Gao S, Liu Y L, Yang Y, et al. Evolution status of the distal mud deposit associated with the Pearl River, northern South China Sea continental shelf[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 114: 562−573. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.024
[16]	李安春, 张凯棣. 东海内陆架泥质沉积体研究进展[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2020, 51(4): 705−727. doi: 10.11693/hyhz20200500145 Li Anchun, Zhang Kaidi. Research progress of mud wedge in the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2020, 51(4): 705−727. doi: 10.11693/hyhz20200500145
[17]	高抒. 中国东部陆架全新世沉积体系: 过程-产物关系研究进展评述[J]. 沉积学报, 2013, 31(5): 845−855. Gao Shu. Holocene sedimentary systems over the Bohai, Yellow and East China Sea region: Recent progress in the study of process-product relationships[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2013, 31(5): 845−855.
[18]	Gao S, Collins M B. Holocene sedimentary systems on continental shelves[J]. Marine Geology, 2014, 352: 268−294. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.021
[19]	Nittrouer C A, Wright L D. Transport of particles across continental shelves[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1994, 32(1): 85−113. doi: 10.1029/93RG02603
[20]	Jia J J, Gao J H, Cai T L, et al. Sediment accumulation and retention of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) subaqueous delta and its distal muds over the last century[J]. Marine Geology, 2018, 401: 2−16. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2018.04.005
[21]	Milliman J D, Syvitski J P M. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1992, 100(5): 525−544. doi: 10.1086/629606
[22]	Syvitski J P M, Peckham S D, Hilberman R, et al. Predicting the terrestrial flux of sediment to the global ocean: A planetary perspective[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2003, 162(1/2): 5−24.
[23]	Li G C, Gao S, Wang Y P, et al. Sediment flux from the Zhoushan Archipelago, eastern China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(4): 387−399. doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1479-8
[24]	Ahnert F. Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large, mid-latitude drainage basins[J]. American Journal of Science, 1970, 268(3): 243−263. doi: 10.2475/ajs.268.3.243
[25]	McLennan S M. Weathering and global denudation[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1993, 101(2): 295−303. doi: 10.1086/648222
[26]	Holeman J N. The sediment yield of major rivers of the world[J]. Water Resources Research, 1968, 4(4): 737−747. doi: 10.1029/WR004i004p00737
[27]	汪亚平, 潘少明, Wang H V, 等. 长江口水沙入海通量的观测与分析[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(1): 35−46. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.01.004 Wang Yaping, Pan Shaoming, Wang H V, et al. Measurements and analysis of water discharges and suspended sediment fluxes in Changjiang Estuary[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(1): 35−46. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.01.004
[28]	Milliman J D, Meade R H. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1983, 91(1): 1−21. doi: 10.1086/628741
[29]	Li G C, Zhou L, Qi Y L, et al. Threshold sediment flux for the formation of river deltas in Hainan Island, southern China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 146−160. doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1589-y
[30]	Mulder T, Syvitski J P M. Climatic and morphologic relationships of rivers: Implications of sea-level fluctuations on river loads[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1996, 104(5): 509−523. doi: 10.1086/629849
[31]	Syvitski J P M, Milliman J D. Geology, geography, and humans battle for dominance over the delivery of fluvial sediment to the coastal ocean[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2007, 115(1): 1−19. doi: 10.1086/509246
[32]	Milliman J D, Farnsworth K L, Albertin C S. Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies[J]. Journal of Sea Research, 1999, 41(1/2): 97−107.
[33]	Li Gaocong, Xia Qiong, Fu Dongyang, et al. Calculating the sediment flux of the small coastal watersheds: A modification of global equations[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2021, 40(1): 147−154. doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1615-z
[34]	王文介, 黄金森, 毛树珍, 等. 华南沿海和近海现代沉积[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1991. Wang Wenjie, Huang Jinsen, Mao Shuzhen, et al. Modern Deposition of Coastal and Offshore in South China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1991.
[35]	张伯虎, 吴修广, 谢东凤. 近50年来浙江入海河流水沙通量变化过程[J]. 泥沙研究, 2015(6): 21−26. Zhang Bohu, Wu Xiuguang, Xie Dongfeng. Variation of water and sediment in rivers to sea in recent five decades in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2015(6): 21−26.
[36]	杨志宏, 贾建军, 王欣凯, 等. 近50年海南三大河入海水沙通量特征及变化[J]. 海洋通报, 2013, 32(1): 92−99. doi: 10.11840/j.issn.1001-6392.2013.01.014 Yang Zhihong, Jia Jianjun, Wang Xinkai, et al. Characteristics and variations of water and sediment fluxes into the sea of the top three rivers of Hainan in recent 50 years[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2013, 32(1): 92−99. doi: 10.11840/j.issn.1001-6392.2013.01.014
[37]	陈胜晶. 福建闽东诸小河泥沙及其变化分析[J]. 亚热带水土保持, 2007, 19(4): 20−23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2651.2007.04.006 Chen Shengjing. Analysis on the sediment status and changes in the streams of the east Fujian Province[J]. Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 19(4): 20−23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2651.2007.04.006
[38]	张章新. 闽江流域水文特性分析[J]. 水文, 2000, 20(6): 55−58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2000.06.017 Zhang Zhangxin. Analysis of hydrological characteristics of Minjiang River basin[J]. Hydrology, 2000, 20(6): 55−58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2000.06.017
[39]	陈斌. 木兰溪下游水沙特性及河道演变[J]. 水利科技, 1988(1): 47−51. Chen Bin. Water and sediment characteristics and channel evolution in the lower reach of the Mulan River[J]. Hydraulic Science and Technology, 1988(1): 47−51.
[40]	邵恒方. 福建三大河流沙量及其变化分析[J]. 福建水土保持, 1991(1): 42−46. Shao Hengfang. Variation on sediment load of three major rivers of Fujian Province, China[J]. Fujian Soil and Water Conservation, 1991(1): 42−46.
[41]	杨传训, 张正栋, 张倩, 等. 1955−2012年韩江入海径流量和输沙量多尺度变化特征[J]. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 49(3): 68−75. Yang Chuanxun, Zhang Zhengdong, Zhang Qian, et al. Characteristics of multi-scale variability of water discharge and sediment load in the Hanjiang River during 1955−2012[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2017, 49(3): 68−75.
[42]	Zhang Wei, Mu Shousheng, Zhang Yanjing, et al. Temporal variation of suspended sediment load in the Pearl River due to human activities[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2011, 26(4): 487−497. doi: 10.1016/S1001-6279(12)60007-9
[43]	黄志明. 鉴江流域水文特性分析[J]. 现代科技, 2010, 9(3): 33, 37−39. Huang Zhiming. Hydrological characteristics of the Jian River Catchment[J]. Modern Science and Technology, 2010, 9(3): 33, 37−39.
[44]	谢天. 九洲江流域“2013·08”暴雨洪水特性分析[J]. 甘肃水利水电技术, 2013, 49(11): 6−8. Xie Tian. On the stormy flood characteristics of the Jiuzhou River Catchment during the August 2013[J]. Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Technology, 2013, 49(11): 6−8.
[45]	徐国琼, 欧芳兰. 南流江泥沙运动规律及其与人类活动的关联[C]//中国水力发电工程学会水文泥沙专业委员会第七届学术讨论会论文集. 成都: 四川出版集团·四川科学技术出版社, 2007: 69−75. Xu Guoqiong, Ou Fanglan. Sediment dynamics of the Nanliu River and its relationship with human activities[C]//The 2007 Symposium of the China Hydroelectric Engineering Society of Hydrology and Sediment. Chengdu: Sichuan Publishing Group, Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 2007: 69−75.
[46]	Xie Dongfeng, Pan Cunhong, Wu Xiuguang, et al. The variations of sediment transport patterns in the outer Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay over the last 30 years[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(4): 2999−3020. doi: 10.1002/2016JC012264
[47]	Xu Kehui, Li Anchun, Liu J P, et al. Provenance, structure, and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea: A synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system[J]. Marine Geology, 2012, 291−294: 176−191. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.06.003
[48]	Liu J T, Hsu R T, Yang R J, et al. A comprehensive sediment dynamics study of a major mud belt system on the inner shelf along an energetic coast[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 4229. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22696-w
[49]	Liu Yunling, Gao Shu, Wang Yaping, et al. Distal mud deposits associated with the Pearl River over the northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea[J]. Marine Geology, 2014, 347: 43−57. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.10.012
[50]	Gao Shu. Holocene shelf-coastal sedimentary systems associated with the Changjiang River: An overview[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2013, 32(12): 4−12. doi: 10.1007/s13131-013-0390-5
[51]	Zhang Xia, Lin Chunming, Dalrymple R W, et al. Facies architecture and depositional model of a macrotidal incised-valley succession (Qiantang River Estuary, eastern China), and differences from other macrotidal systems[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2014, 126(3/4): 499−522.
[52]	Trenhaile A S. The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.