印度尼西亚海及周边海域层结的时空变化特征分析

梁浩然; 谢玲玲; 周磊; 郑全安; 李明明

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021071

印度尼西亚海及周边海域层结的时空变化特征分析

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021071

梁浩然^{1, 2,},
谢玲玲^{1, 2, 3, ,},
周磊^{4, 5},
郑全安⁶,
李明明^{1, 2, 3}

1.
广东海洋大学海洋与气象学院近海海洋变化与灾害预警实验室，广东湛江 524088
2.
广东省高等学校陆架及深远海气候资源与环境重点实验室，广东湛江 524088
3.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（湛江），广东湛江 524025
4.
上海交通大学海洋研究院，上海 200240
5.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），广东珠海 519080
6.
美国马里兰大学大气与海洋科学系，马里兰州大学市 20742

基金项目: “全球变化与海气相互作用”专项（GASI-IPOVAI-01-02）；南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（湛江）项目（ZJW-2019-08）；国家自然科学基金（41776034）；广东省高等学校创新团队项目（2019KCXTF021）；广东省冲一流专项资金项目（231419012）

详细信息

作者简介:
梁浩然（1994-），男，安徽省萧县人，研究方向为物理海洋。E-mail：gdhydxlhr@126.com

通讯作者:
谢玲玲（1983-），女，教授，山东省莱芜市人，研究方向为物理海洋。E-mail：xiell@gdou.edu.cn

中图分类号: P731
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-03-20
- 修回日期: 2020-08-19
- 网络出版日期: 2021-05-24
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-06

Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of stratification in the Indonesian seas and surrounding waters

Liang Haoran^{1, 2
,},
Xie Lingling^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
Zhou Lei^{4, 5},
Zheng Quanan⁶,
Li Mingming^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Oceanology and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
2.
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Climate, Resource and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China
3.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524025, China
4.
Marine Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
5.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
6.
Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA

摘要

摘要: 本文利用World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13)和Simple Ocean Data Assimilation version 3.1.1 (SODA v3.3.1)温盐资料，分析印尼贯穿流(ITF)路径及所经印度尼西亚海及周边西太平洋、南海和东印度洋海域的层结强度(N²)和跃层特征的三维时空变化特征。结果表明，气候态下ITF 3条路径上跃层平均N²差异较小，其中中部路径平均值最大，为10^−3.68 s⁻²，东部路径平均值最小，为10^−3.71 s⁻²；各路径跃层深度和厚度存在明显差异，东部路径跃层深度和厚度最大，分别为124 m和192 m，中部次之，西部最小为99 m和143 m，并且印尼海的跃层深度和厚度平均值均小于其他海域。印尼海N²存在显著的季节变化和4～7 a的多年周期变化，其中年际变化可能主要受厄尔尼诺−南方涛动事件影响。季节上，在印尼海域内，ITF 3条路径夏季层结强度均小于冬季(北半球夏冬季)，夏、冬两季N²差值最大可达到两个量级。1993−2015年的长期变化趋势显示，印尼海及周边大部分海域的层结强度呈现增强趋势，其中印度洋中部和哈马黑拉海23 a内最大层结增强近0.1个量级。
- 印度尼西亚海 /
- 浮力频率 /
- 密度跃层 /
- 印尼贯穿流 /
- 厄尔尼诺−南方涛动
Abstract: Using climatological and monthly temperature and salinity data from the World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Version 3.3.1 (SODA v3.3.1), this study analyzes the 3D spatiotemporal characteristics of stratification (N²) and pycnocline along the pathways of Indonesia Throughflow (ITF) in the Indonesian seas and surrounding waters in the western Pacific, the South China Sea and the eastern Indian Ocean. The results show that the climatologically mean N² in pycnocline has little difference in all the pathways of the ITF, and the largest value is 10^−3.68 s⁻² in the central pathway and the smallest is 10^−3.71 s⁻² in the eastern pathway. The differences are significant for the depth (D_pyc) and thickness (H_pyc) of the pycnocline along three pathways. The largest values of D_pyc and H_pyc are 124 m and 192 m in the eastern pathway, respectively, followed by values of 99 m and 143 m in the central pathway. Compared to the surrounding oceans, the mean pycnocline depth and thickness of the three pathways in the Indonesian seas are smaller than those in other seas. N² and D_pyc have remarkably seasonal variation with period of one year and inter-annual variability with periods of 4−7 year cycles. The interannual variability may be mainly affected by the ENSO event. Seasonally, the summer N² in the Indonesia seas is less than that in winter (northern hemisphere winter and summer), and the maximum difference between winter and summer can reach two orders of magnitude. The long-term variation trend of N² from 1993 to 2015 shows that the stratification intensifies in most areas of Indonesian seas and surrounding waters, where N² strengthened by nearly 0.1 order of magnitude in 23 years in the middle of the India Ocean and Halmahera Sea.
- Indonesian seas /
- buoyancy frequency /
- pycnocline /
- Indonesia Throughflow /
- ENSO events

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图 2 印尼海及周边海域气候态流场分布

a. 25 m深度流场；b. 150 m深度流场；黄、红、粉曲线分别为TIF西部路径、中部路径和东部路径

Fig. 2 2D distribution (x−y) of climatological velocities in the Indonesian seas and surrounding waters

a. Velocities at 25 m depth; b. velocities at 150 m depth; yellow, red, and pink lines represent the western, central, and eastern pathways of the ITF, respectively

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图 1 印尼海及周边海域地形图

黑框为研究印尼海区。黄、红、粉3条曲线分别为TIF西部路径、中部路径和东部路径

Fig. 1 Map of Indonesia seas and surrounding waters

Black box indicates the study area of Indonesia seas. Yellow, red, and pink lines represent the western, central, and eastern pathways of the ITF, respectively

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图 3 ITF路径上气候态温度（a−c）和盐度（d−f）断面分布

a, d. 西部路径；b, e. 中部路径；c, f. 东部路径。蓝色虚线为海峡位置，黑色实线为跃层上下边界深度

Fig. 3 Distribution of climatological temperature（a−c）and salinity (d−f) along ITF pathways

a, d. The western pathway; b, e. the central pathway; c, f. the eastern pathway. Blue dashed lines represent the key straits, black solid lines represent the upper and the lower boundaries of the pycnocline

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图 4 ITF路径上气候态浮力频率（N²）断面分布（N²的单位：s⁻²）

a. 西部路径；b. 中部路径；c. 东部路径。蓝色虚线为海峡位置，黑色实线为跃层上下边界深度

Fig. 4 Distribution of climatological squared buoyancy frequency (N²) along ITF pathways (unit of N² is s⁻²)

a. The western pathway; b. the central pathway; c. the eastern pathway. Blue dashed lines represent the key straits, black solid lines represent the upper and the lower boundaries of the pycnocline

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图 5 印尼海及周围海域气候态层结特征平面分布

a. 最大浮力频率N²_max；b. 最大浮力频率所在深度${D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2}}$；c. 跃层内平均浮力频率${\overline{{N}^{2}}}$；d. 密度跃层平均深度D_pcline

Fig. 5 2D distribution (x-y) of climatological stratification characteristics in the Indonesian seas and surrounding waters

a. The maximum squared buoyancy frequency ${N_{{{\rm{max}}}}^2}$; b. the depth of the maximum squared buoyancy frequency ${D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2}}$; c. the mean squared buoyancy frequency in pycnocline ${\overline{{N}^{2}}}$; d. the average depth of pycnocline D_pcline

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图 6 ITF路径上夏、冬季浮力频率（N²）断面

a、b、c分别示出TIF西部路径夏、冬季浮力频率以及夏冬浮力频率之差（ΔN²）；d、e、f为中部路径；g、h、i为东部路径

Fig. 6 Distribution of summer and winter squared buoyancy frequencies (N²) along ITF pathways

a, b, and c are the squared buoyancy frequency in summer, winter and the summer-winter difference (ΔN²) along the western ITF pathway, respectively; d, e, and f are that of the central pathway; g, h, and i are that along eastern pathway

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图 7 印尼海及周围海域夏冬季最大浮力频率（N²_max）和最大层结深度$D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2}$的平面分布

a、b、c分别示出夏、冬季最大浮力频率（N²_max）以及夏冬之差（ΔN²_max）；d、e、f分别示出夏、冬季最大层结深度（$D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2} $）以及夏冬之差（Δ$D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2}$）

Fig. 7 2D distribution (x-y) of maximum squared buoyancy frequency (N²_max) and maximum stratigraphic depth ($D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2}$) in summer and winter in the Indonesia seas and surrounding waters

a, b, and c are the squared maximum buoyancy frequency (N²_max) in summer, winter and the summer-winter difference (ΔN²_max), respectively; d, e, and f are the depth of the maximum squared buoyancy frequency ($D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2} $) in summer, winter and the summer-winter difference (Δ$D_{N_{{\rm{max}}}^2} $)，respectively

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图 8 1993年1月至2015年12月沿ITF路径断面最大浮力频率（N²_max）逐月变化

a. 西部路径；b. 中部路径；c. 东部路径

Fig. 8 Distance-time distribution of monthly maximum squared buoyancy frequency along ITF pathways from January 1993 to December 2015

a. The western pathway; b. the central pathway; c. the eastern pathway

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图 9 图1中A−I点1993−2015年N²_max变化趋势

黑线为N²_max距平值，红线为多年变化趋势；*表示通过95%置信度检验，**表示通过99%置信度检验

Fig. 9 Variation of the maximum squared buoyancy frequency (N²_max) at points A−I marked in Fig. 1 from 1993 to 2015

Black lines represent the N²_max anomaly, red lines represent multi-year trends; the * mark indicating passing the 95% confidence test, and ** passing the 99% confidence test

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图 10 图1中A−I点最大浮力频率功率谱

Fig. 10 Power spectra of maximum squared buoyancy frequency at points A−I marked in Fig. 1

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图 11 图1中A−I点跃层平均深度功率谱

Fig. 11 Power spectra of the mean depth of pycnocline at points A−I marked in Fig. 1

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表 1 ITF路径平均跃层强度、深度和厚度

Tab. 1 Mean $ {{N}}^{2} $, depth and thickness of pycnocline along ITF pathways

	跃层平均强度log₁₀N²			跃层深度H_pyc/m			跃层厚度D_pyc/m
	西部	中部	东部	西部	中部	东部	西部	中部	东部
太平洋	−3.78	−3.68	−3.72	142	139	131	180	185	202
南海	−3.64	−	−	79	−	−	126	−	−
印尼海区	−3.86	−3.66	−3.71	45	100	118	57	179	185
印度洋	−3.64	−3.70	−	112	123	−	127	191	−
平均±偏差	−3.70±0.13	−3.68±0.04	−3.71±0.02	99±55	120±27	124±9	143±38	185±22	192±18
注：−表示无数据。

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