从溺谷湾到三角洲：现代珠江三角洲形成演变研究辨析

吴超羽; 韦惺

doi:10.12284/hyxb2021019

从溺谷湾到三角洲：现代珠江三角洲形成演变研究辨析

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021019

吴超羽^1,,
韦惺^{2, 3}

1.
中山大学近岸海洋科学与技术研究中心，广东广州 510275
2.
中国科学院南海海洋研究所热带海洋环境国家重点实验室，广东广州 510301
3.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（广州），广东广州 511458

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（40331007，40176026，40406016，41890851）；“985工程”项目（105203200400006）；南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（广州）人才团队引进重大专项（GML2019ZD0303）。

详细信息

作者简介:
吴超羽（1944—），男，广东省开平县人，博士，从事河口海岸学研究。E-mail：eeswcy@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Kilometer 的音译。
襄大在七星岗东南约1 km。
潟湖。
辨析也适用于拟合，插值和拟合是数值分析的基础方法。一般意义上它们的区别在于：拟合是已知数据点列，从整体上接近点列；插值是已知点列并且完全经过点列。
¹⁴C委托广州地化所测定。AMS测年由波兰GADAM Centre，Silesian University of Technology测定，其余项目在中山大学地质系实验室完成。
这里的子三角洲相当于Coleman等^[91]所说末次海侵以来密西西比河冲决形成的子三角洲或三角洲叶。
中图分类号: P343.5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-12-05
- 修回日期: 2020-03-30
- 网络出版日期: 2021-02-24
- 刊出日期: 2021-01-25

From drowned valley to delta: Discrimination and analysis on issues of the formation and evolution of the Zhujiang River Delta

Wu Chaoyu^1
,,
Wei Xing^{2, 3}

1.
Center for Coastal Ocean Science and Technology Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
3.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)，Guangzhou 511458, China

摘要

摘要: 现代珠江三角洲经历了从溺谷湾到三角洲的形成演变，富有区域特色。本文提出百余年来珠江三角洲的研究可归纳为4种范式：历史描述、实地考察−学术推理、器测−学科理论和“动力−沉积−地貌”跨尺度范式，各以范例说明。基于笔者及其团队研究，对现有文献关于珠江三角洲形成演变若干重要观点提出不同意见并从多视角作必要辨析，包括：海侵盛期以来千年尺度三角洲岸线位置变化，现代珠江三角洲形成演变的模式和三角洲干流河段形成过程与机理。最后对三角洲研究中的多学科、跨尺度和时空量化做了简要讨论。
- 珠江 /
- 溺谷湾 /
- 范式 /
- 三角洲 /
- 子三角洲 /
- 沉积体 /
- 演变模式 /
- 多学科 /
- 跨尺度 /
- 时空量化
Abstract: The modern Zhujiang River Delta has experienced the formation and evolution from drowned valley to delta, which is rich in regional characteristics. The research on the Zhujiang River Delta in the past hundred years is summarized into four paradigms: historical description, field investigation-scientific reasoning, instrument applied-discipline theory and “dynamic-sedimentary-morphologic” scale-crossing paradigm. Each illustrated by superb examples and documented. Based on the research of the authors and his team, this paper puts forward several propositions concerning the formation and evolution of the Zhujiang River Delta, which are substantially different from the existing literature, and makes necessary differentiation and analysis from multiple perspectives, including the millennial-scale changes of coastline since the transgression maximum, the mode of formation and evolution of the modern Zhujiang River Delta and the development and its mechanism of the major channels of the network in the delta. Finally, the approache of interdisciplinary, scale-crossing and time-space quantification concerning delta research are briefly discussed.
- Zhujiang River /
- drowned valley /
- paradigm /
- delta /
- sub-delta /
- deposition body /
- evolution mode /
- interdiscipline /
- cross-scale /
- spatiotemporal quantification
注释:

1) Kilometer 的音译。

2) 襄大在七星岗东南约1 km。

3) 潟湖。

4) 辨析也适用于拟合，插值和拟合是数值分析的基础方法。一般意义上它们的区别在于：拟合是已知数据点列，从整体上接近点列；插值是已知点列并且完全经过点列。

5) ¹⁴C委托广州地化所测定。AMS测年由波兰GADAM Centre，Silesian University of Technology测定，其余项目在中山大学地质系实验室完成。

6) 这里的子三角洲相当于Coleman等^[91]所说末次海侵以来密西西比河冲决形成的子三角洲或三角洲叶。

HTML全文

图 1 海侵盛期珠江溺谷湾水深（钻孔具体位置见文献[63]）

Fig. 1 Water depth of the Pearl River drowned valley during the period of high transgression（see reference [63] for detailed core locations）

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 海侵盛期以来珠江三角洲岸线位置变化研究比较^[55,68,81]

Fig. 2 A comparison of the evolution of shore line changes in Zhujiang River Delta since last gransgreesion maximum from different studies^[55,68,81]

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图 3 钻孔位置（a），模型计算水深（b）和联孔剖面及等时线（c）（图c修改自文献[82]）

Fig. 3 Locations of setiment cores (a), profile of water depth from PRD-LTMM (b), and bore hole cross section and isochron (c) (figure c modified according to reference [82])

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图 4 珠江（a）与密西西比河（b）子三角洲演变比较示意图（图b据文献[91]）

Fig. 4 Evolution of sub-delta of the Zhujiang River Delta (a) and sub-delta cycle of the Mississipi River Delta (figure b is based on reference [91])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 大鳌子三角洲平原部分沉积砂体组合示意图

A. 山间河流的冲积、洪积扇沉积砂体；C. 汇流和分流区沉积砂体； D1，D2.大鳌沙与大鳌岛沉积砂体；P. 边沿沉积砂体和山麓坡积物等

Fig. 5 A block diagram showing the evolution of different sand-bodies in Daao sub-delta

A. Fluvial and alluvial sand bodies; C. sand bodies in confluence and distributary area; D1, D2. sand bodies of Daao shoal and island; P. marginal and piedmont sand bodies

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图 6 全新世海侵盛期以来若干阶段每500年沉积厚度图

Fig. 6 Thickness of 500 year’s deposition since last transgression maximum

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图 7 2500 a BP 珠江河口的余流流场和西江干流河道形态

Fig. 7 The main network channels of the Zhujiang River and residual current in 2500 a BP

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表 1 若干三角洲沉积环境、过程及其子三角洲时空模式比较

Tab. 1 Comparision of the sedimentary enviroments, processes and sub-delta modes in several deltas

三角洲	沉积环境	主要动力沉积过程	沉积模式	子（亚）三角洲	参考文献
密西西比河三角洲	陆架	天然堤冲决、堆积前展、改道废弃和侵蚀破坏	主干河流冲决天然堤形成新的三角洲扇	6个子三角洲^①：时间上有明显的先后关系，空间上可部分重叠	Coleman等^[91]
长江三角洲	下切河谷喇叭湾	河口沙坝发育、堆积前展、汊道出现、北汊淤塞	河口沙坝发育、河道分汊、北汊淤塞、南汊延伸等	6个亚三角洲：时间有明显先后关系，空间上互不重叠	李从先等^[95], 陈吉余等^[94]
多瑙河三角洲	沿岸沙坝发育形成半封闭海湾	河口堆积前展、南、北中汊道先后冲决沙坝形成子三角洲扇并交替成主行水道	充填、突破和叠覆	3个子三角洲：时间上交替发生，空间上互不重叠	Panin^[105]
珠江三角洲	基岩半封闭溺谷湾，岛丘众多	地形致周边沉积、汇潮、分流沉积、峡口双向射流、浪成砂堤等各种沉积砂体复合而成	“门”控多核心“三角洲— 子三角洲—沉积体”多级沉积结构，镶嵌式充填	约10个子三角洲：时间上同时发生，空间上相邻但互不重叠	吴超羽等^[58-59], 韦惺等^[67]

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表 2 全新世以来各钻孔快速沉积时段统计

Tab. 2 The rapid deposition periods of boreholes since Holocene

孔号	平均沉积速率/(mm·a⁻¹)	≥5 mm/a 占百分比/%	≥10 mm/a 占百分比/%
PRD2	1.32	58.95	58.95
PRD3	2.13	72.86	57.32
PRD4	3.83	67.30	31.36
PRD5	3.27	65.15	42.74
PRD6	2.59	40.49	0
PRD7	5.87	67.35	67.35
PRD9	1.18	74.82	74.82
PRD10	2.54	55.44	36.76
PRD15	2.02	54.09	44.63
PRD16	1.34	53.11	42.67
PRD17	1.52	34.79	34.79
PRD18	1.32	35.42	11.49
D6	7.81	100	30.76
D02	4.67	55.55	55.55
D21	2.29	67.24	67.241
D15	6.93	65.15	65.15
ZJ3	5.87	74.54	74.54
53	2.95	52.63	52.63
D10	7.17	100	53.79
A22	4.27	69.45	40.08
均值	3.54	63.21	47.13

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表 3 珠江下游径流量（1956−1979年）

Tab. 3 Downstream runoff of the Zhujiang River (1956−1979)

河名	站名	径流量
河名	站名	年径流/（10⁸m³）	平均流量/（m³·s⁻¹）	占流域比例/%
西江	高要	2 220	7 020	73.25
北江	石角	413	1310	13.67
绥江	石狗	68.4	217	2.26
其他	−	−	−	10.82
合计		3 029.1	9 584.3	100
注：据广东省水文总站，1986。

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