基于大量卫星图像研究莱州湾东北部界河海滩近40年的海岸线演变

杨超; 朱龙海; 张晓东

基于大量卫星图像研究莱州湾东北部界河海滩近40年的海岸线演变

杨超^1,,
朱龙海^{1, 2},
张晓东^{1, 2, ,}

1.
中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院，山东青岛 266100
2.
海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室中国海洋大学，山东青岛 266100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（42276172）。

详细信息

作者简介:
杨超（2000—），男，河南省信阳市人，硕士，主要从事海滩演变研究。E-mail：954397289@qq.com

通讯作者:
张晓东，副教授，主要从事海滩演变研究。E-mail: zxd@ouc.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-29
- 修回日期: 2024-10-28
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-15

Four-Decade Coastal Evolution of Jiehe Beach in Northeastern Laizhou Bay: An Analysis Using Extensive Satellite Imagery

Yang Chao^1
,,
Zhu Longhai^{1, 2},
Zhang Xiaodong^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE, Qingdao 266100, China

摘要

摘要: 近几十年来，位于莱州湾东北部的界河两侧海滩（以下简称“界河海滩”）在河流入海泥沙减少背景下发生严重侵蚀，再加上裕龙岛（一个大型离岸人工岛）等沿海工程建设的影响，界河海滩的海岸线演变异常复杂。本文使用1984−2024年的1186幅卫星图像，采用聚焦剖面方法和亚像素海岸线识别技术研究界河海滩的海岸线演变，评估河流输沙和沿海工程的影响。结果显示界河海滩早期（1984−2004年）的演变主要受界河河口的封闭和打开、沙嘴的沿岸运移以及沙坝的向岸运移控制，总体上发生侵蚀；界河海滩后期（2004−2024年）的演变主要受裕龙岛等沿海工程建造影响，总体上发生淤进。在沿海开发日益加剧的今天，合理布局沿海工程有望减缓海滩侵蚀。
- 遥感 /
- 山东半岛 /
- 海岸线 /
- 河口封闭 /
- 离岸人工岛
Abstract: In recent decades, the beaches on both sides of the Jiehe River (hereinafter referred to as Jiehe Beach) in the northeastern part of Laizhou Bay have suffered severe erosion against the backdrop of reduced riverine sediment input to the sea. Additionally, the construction of coastal engineering projects such as Yulong Island (a large artificial offshore island) has made the evolution of the Jiehe Beach shoreline exceptionally complex. This paper utilizes 1,186 satellite images from 1984 to 2024, employing a transect-focused method and sub-pixel shoreline recognition technology to study the evolution of the Jiehe Beach shoreline and assess the impacts of river sediment discharge and coastal engineering. The results show that the early evolution (1984−2004) of Jiehe Beach was primarily controlled by the closure and opening of the Jiehe River estuary, the alongshore movement of sand spits, and the onshore movement of sandbars, with overall erosion occurring. The later evolution (2004−2024) of Jiehe Beach was mainly influenced by the construction of coastal engineering projects such as Yulong Island, with overall accretion occurring. In today's era of intensifying coastal development, the rational layout of coastal engineering is expected to mitigate beach erosion.
- Remote sensing /
- Shandong Peninsula /
- shoreline /
- estuary closure /
- artificial offshore island

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图 1 界河海滩及其周边主要沿海工程（a），界河海滩在山东半岛的位置（b）

Fig. 1 Jiehe Beach and its surrounding major coastal projects (a), the location of Jiehe Beach in Shandong Peninsula (b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 1984-2024年界河海滩Landsat和Sentinel-2卫星图像的时间、类型（a）、每年数量（b）和拍摄时的瞬时水位（c）

Fig. 2 Date, type(a), annual number(b) and instantaneous water level at the shooting time(c) of Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite images of Jiehe Beach from 1984 to 2024

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 计算机辅助海岸线位置识别软件（CASPRS）的操作界面

Fig. 3 Operating interface of the computer-aided shoreline position recognition software (CASPRS)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 线状固定地物在检查剖面C1和C2上的位置的相关性

（a）Sentinel图像，（b）Landsat图像。μ-平均值，σ-标准偏差，单位均为m。

Fig. 4 Correlationship between the positions of linear fixed objects on check transect C1 and C2

(a) Sentinel image, (b) Landsat image. μ-average, σ-standard deviation, all units are m.

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图 5 1984-2024年界河海滩平均潮位线在研究剖面J1-J26上的位置变化

Fig. 5 Position change of the mean water line of Jiehe Beach on study transects J1-J26 from 1984 to 2024.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 界河河口在2013-2016年的打开和封闭过程

（a）2013/06/08（河口封闭）；（b）2013/08/11（河口打开）；（c）2013/11/15（环形河口沙坝初步形成）；（d）2014/03/07（环形河口沙坝形成）；（e）2014/06/27（环形沙坝向岸运移）；（f）2016/01/08（河口沙坝与周边岸线平齐）。

Fig. 6 Open and close process of Jiehe Estuary in 2013-2016.

(a) 2013/06/08 (closure of the estuary); (b) 2013/08/11 (opening of the estuary); (c) 2013/11/15 (initial formation of the circular estuary sandbar); (d) 2014/03/07 (formation of the circular estuary sandbar); (e) 2014/06/27 (transport of the circular sandbar towards the shore); (f) 2016/01/08 (alignment of the estuary sandbar with the surrounding shoreline).

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图 7 剖面J12-J18附近沿岸沙坝在1984-1987年的向岸输运和并岸过程

（a）1984/04/21（近岸破碎波指示了两条水下沙坝的位置和形态）；（b）1986/12/07（离岸较近的沙坝在潮位较低时出露，局部与海滩连接）；（c）1987/01/24（沙坝向岸移动）；（d）1987/11/24（沙坝并岸后的海岸线明显向海突出）。

Fig. 7 Onshore migration and merging process of the coastal sandbars near transect J12-J18 in 1984-1987.

(a) 1984/04/21 (nearshore breaking waves indicate the location and shape of two underwater sandbars); (b) 1986/12/07 (the sandbar near the shore is exposed when the tide level is low, and is partially connected to the beach); (c) 1987/01/24 (sandbar moving to shore); (d) 1987/11/24 (the shoreline after the sandbars were merged was obviously protruding to the sea).

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图 8 剖面J15-J17附近的沿岸沙嘴在1990−1993年的形成和并岸过程

（a）1990/10/31（沙嘴未形成）；（b）1992/02/07（沙嘴开始形成）；（c）1993/01/08（沙嘴向西南方向运移）；（d）1993/11/24（沙嘴前锋在J17剖面处并岸，在滩面形成微型潟湖）。

Fig. 8 Formation and merging process of the coastal spit near the transect J15-J17 in 1990-1993.

(a) 1990/10/31 (sand spits not formed); (b) 1992/02/07 (sand spits began to form); (c) 1993/01/08 (sand spits migration to the southwest); (d) 1993/11/24 (the front of sand spits merged at the J17 section and formed a micro-lagoon on the beach).

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图 9 剖面J16-J19附近的沿岸沙嘴在1996-1999年的形成和并岸过程

（a）1996/05/08（沙嘴未形成）；（b）1997/01/03（沙嘴开始形成）；（c）1998/05/14（沙嘴向西南方向运移）；（d）1999/12/27（沙嘴在J19剖面附近并岸）。

Fig. 9 Formation and merging process of the coastal spit near the transect J16-J19 in 1996-1999.

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图 10 界河海滩海岸线变化速率在沿海工程建造后的增量

Fig. 10 Increment of shoreline change rate of Jiehe Beach after the construction of coastal engineering projects

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图 11 界河海滩平均潮位线在不同历史时期的移动量

（a）1984−2004年；（b）2004−2024年；（c）1984−2024年。

Fig. 11 Cumulative movement of the mean water line of Jiehe Beach in different historical periods.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 海岸线位置的随机误差（单位：m）

Tab. 1 Random error of satellite-derived shoreline position (unit: m)

剖面	未校正的海岸线（水边线）	地理校正后的海岸线	地理、潮位校正后的海岸线（平均潮位线）
J1	5.4	5.2	4.8
J2	5.4	5.0	4.7
J3	4.8	4.4	4.2
J4	5.0	4.8	4.5
J5	4.9	4.7	4.6
J6	4.8	4.6	4.4
J7	6.1	5.9	5.6
J8*	9.5	9.3	9.0
J9*	11.9	11.9	11.9
J10	5.7	5.4	5.1
J11	5.4	5.3	4.9
J12	6.3	6.1	5.8
J13	5.3	5.1	4.8
J14	5.2	5.0	4.7
J15	5.8	5.5	5.3
J16	5.4	5.3	5.2
J17	5.9	5.9	5.7
J18	5.3	5.2	5.1
J19	6.1	6.0	5.7
J20	5.9	5.7	5.3
J21	6.1	5.9	5.5
J22	5.8	5.7	5.3
J23	5.4	5.2	4.9
J24	7.0	6.7	6.2
J25	5.5	5.2	5.0
J26	5.0	4.8	4.6
平均	6.0	5.8	5.5
* J8和J9剖面的较大位置误差主要是界河河口沙坝的剧烈变化所致。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 沿海工程建设前后邻近海滩的海岸线变化速率

Tab. 2 Shoreline change rates at the adjacent beaches of the coastal projects before and after their construction

剖面	沿海工程	建设时间	建设前海岸线变化速率 (m·a⁻¹)	建设后海岸线变化速率 (m·a⁻¹)	海岸线变化速率增量 (m·a⁻¹)	影响时长（a）
J4	裕龙岛	2011	−1.0	7.9	8.9	3
J5	裕龙岛	2011	−3.0	15.1	18.1	6
J6	裕龙岛	2011	1.4	4.8	3.4	9
J16	丁坝1	2010	−5.6	22.1	27.7	2
J17	丁坝1	2010	−0.8	−1.6	−0.8	3
J18	丁坝1	2010	0.5	−19.0	−19.5	3
J20	丁坝2	2017	−3.1	3.1	6.2	6
J21	丁坝2	2017	−0.5	3.6	4.1	6
J22	丁坝2	2017	−1.7	−0.7	1.0	6
J23	丁坝3	2006	0.4	13.2	12.8	5
J24	丁坝3	2006	0.2	−8.7	−8.9	5
J24	春雨码头	2011	−8.7	28.7	37.4	4
J25	春雨码头	2011	0.2	7.4	7.2	4

下载: 导出CSV

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