牡蛎海带混养对海水水质及牡蛎生长和营养的影响

聂艺; 王旭明; 任敏; 刘晓玲

牡蛎海带混养对海水水质及牡蛎生长和营养的影响

烟台大学生命科学学院，山东烟台 264005

基金项目: 山东省贝类产业技术体系（SDAIT-14-05）。

详细信息

作者简介:
聂艺（1998—），女，山东省淄博市人，研究方向为海洋贝类。 E-mail：1104394123@qq.com

通讯作者:
刘晓玲，博士，副教授，主要从事海洋贝类方向研究。 E-mail：lxl2008i@163.com

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出版历程
- 修回日期: 2025-06-03
- 网络出版日期: 2025-07-09

The effects of oyster kelp polyculture on seawater quality, oyster growth and nutrition

School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China

摘要

摘要: 为比较龙口太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）单养、牡蛎和海带（Laminaria japonica）混养两种养殖模式下的海水水质及收获期牡蛎的生长及营养成分，在一定周期内检测了养殖区（单养养殖区M1、混养养殖区M2）海水的水质理化因子、细菌和浮游植物等指标，分析比较了收获期M1和M2牡蛎的生长及营养成分。结果显示，M1和M2的水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧（DO）、弧菌丰度均无明显差异，且符合国家海水水质二类标准，M2的化学需氧量（COD）、氮磷营养盐及异养菌丰度在多数月份低于M1，认为与M2中海带可有效吸收牡蛎代谢废物中的有机氮、磷有关。M2硅藻含量高于M1，认为与M2氮磷比更适宜硅藻的生长、M2的牡蛎滤食海带碎屑间接降低对浮游植物的消耗有关。M2的牡蛎肥满度、软体湿重和蛋白质含量显著高于M1的牡蛎（P＜0.05），壳宽和脂肪含量极显著高于M1的牡蛎（P＜0.01），认为与M2中海带碎屑也可被贝滤食，同时海带的存在降低了COD、净化了水质，利于牡蛎生长等因素有关。M1的牡蛎含水量、灰分和壳干重显著高于M2（P＜0.05），总糖极显著高于M2的牡蛎（P＜0.01），与M1浮游植物密度相对低，M1的牡蛎滤食频率增加及耗能有关。M1的牡蛎EAA显著高于M2的牡蛎（P＜0.05），认为丰富的浮游植物种类和较高的营养盐可促进EAA的积累。研究认为贝藻混养可增加对牡蛎代谢物的消耗，防止海水污染的产生，利于牡蛎生长。
- 贝藻混养 /
- 氮磷营养盐 /
- 浮游植物 /
- 生长指标 /
- 营养评价
Abstract: In order to compare the seawater quality, the growth and nutrient composition of harvesting period Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) under two different culture model of oyster monoculture or polyculture with Laminaria japonica (L. japonica) in Longkou. The indicators such as physicochemical factors, bacteria and phytoplankton in seawater from aquaculture areas (monoculture area M1, polyculture area M2) were detected during a period time, the growth and nutrient composition of oysters in M1 and M2 were assayed and compared when oysters were harvested. The results showed that there had no significant difference in water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and vibrio abundance between M1 and M2, and they were all in line with the national seawater quality standard of Class II. The content of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient salts, heterotrophic bacterial abundance content in M2 were lower than that in M1 in most of months, we inferred that L. japonica in M2 could effectively absorb organic nitrogen and phosphorus from oyster metabolic wastes. The diatom content was higher in M2 than that in M1, it maybe be related to the fact that the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in M2 was more suitable for diatom growth, and oysters in M2 indirectly reduce their consumption of phytoplankton by filter feeding on L. japonica detritus. The oyster’s plumpness, soft body wet weight and protein content in M2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in M1, the oyster’s shell width and fat content in M2 were extremely significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that in M1, it was believed that oysters in M2 could filter-fed the L. japonica detritus at the same time the L. japonica reduced seawater COD in M2 and purified the seawater, all above factors were beneficial for oyster growth. The water content, ash content and shell dry weight were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in oysters from M1 than M2, total sugars in oysters from M1 were extremely significantly higher (P < 0.01) than from M2, the above results were speculated to be related to the low phytoplankton densities in M1, which increased filter feeding frequency and energy consumption of oyster in M1. EAA was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in oysters from M1 than from M2, it was believed that rich species of phytoplankton and higher nutrient salts content could promote EAA accumulation. The study suggested that shellfish-algae polyculture can increases the consumption of oyster metabolites, prevent seawater pollution, and facilitate oyster growth.
- polyculture /
- xxxxx /
- phytoplankton /
- growth index /
- nutritional evaluation

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图 1 采样位点

Fig. 1 Sampling site

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图 2 M1和M2养殖区海水环境因子的比较

注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较

Fig. 2 Comparison of Marine Environmental Factors between M1 and M2 Aquaculture Zones

Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used

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图 3 M1和M2养殖区氮磷营养盐及氮磷比的比较

注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较

Fig. 3 Comparison of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and N/P between M1 and M2 aquaculture areas

Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used

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图 4 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物密度的比较

注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较

Fig. 4 Comparison of phytoplankton density between M1 and M2 culture areas

Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used

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图 5 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物多样性

Fig. 5 Diversity of phytoplankton in M1 and M2 aquaclture ares

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图 6 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物均匀度

Fig. 6 Uniformity of phytoplankton in M1 and M2 aquaculture ares

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图 7 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物丰富度

注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较

Fig. 7 Phytoplankton richnes in M1 and M2 aquaclture ares

Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used

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图 8 M1与M2的牡蛎生长指标、营养指标与海区理化因子的相关性分析

注：*表示P＜0.05；**P＜0.01；***P＜0.001

Fig. 8 Correlation analysis of growth and nutritional indicators of oysters M1 and M2 with physicochemical factors in the sea area

Note: *Indicates P＜0.05, ** P＜0.01, *** P＜0.01

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表 1 有机污染评价（A）分级^[18]

Tab. 1 Classification of organic pollution

A值	＜0	0～1	1～2	2～3	3～4	＞4
污染程度分级	0	1	2	3	4	5
水质评价	良好	较好	开始受到污染	轻度污染	中度污染	严重污染

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表 2 M1和M2养殖区的N/P

Tab. 2 N/P in the M1 and M2 culture areas

N/P	2021年11月	2022年1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月
M1	42.45	82.68	25.10	34.34	22.35	26.34	24.72
M2	25.41	42.10	32.08	26.87	25.91	25.28	25.19

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表 3 M1和M2养殖区海水有机污染指数

Tab. 3 Organic pollution index of seawater in M1 and M2 culture areas

时间		2021年	2022年
时间		11月	1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月
M1	A值	2.59	0.69	-0.28	0.48	1.05	0.86	1.54
	污染程度分级	3	1	0	1	2	1	2
	水质评价	轻度污染	较好	良好	较好	开始受到污染	较好	开始受到污染
M2	A值	2.51	1.14	-0.33	0.28	0.4	0.74	1.23
	污染程度分级	3	2	0	1	1	1	2
	水质评价	轻度污染	开始受到污染	良好	较好	较好	较好	开始受到污染

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表 4 M1和M2养殖区海水营养状态评价

Tab. 4 Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Seawater in M1 and M2 culture areas

指数	养殖区	时间
		2021年	2022年
		11月	1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月
E	M1	4.04	1.14	0.69	0.80	0.80	0.93	2.37
E	M2	4.65	2.18	0.60	0.42	0.30	0.95	1.77
NQI	M1	3.63	2.54	1.58	1.66	1.72	1.87	2.42
NQI	M2	3.36	2.77	1.55	1.38	1.28	1.81	2.20

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表 5 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物物种组成

Tab. 5 Species composition of phytoplankton in M1 and M2 culture areas

门	种类	M1							M2
		2021年	2022年						2021年	2022年
		11月	1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月	11月	1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月
硅藻门	边缘菱形藻 Nitzschia marginulata					+
	大洋角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica	+							+	+
	丹麦角毛藻 Chaetoceros danicus							+							+
	丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus												+
	海链藻 Thalassiosira sp.							+			+				+
	棘角毛藻 Chaetoceros curvisetus							+							+
	角毛藻 chaetoceros sp.	+	+			+		+							+
	菱形藻 Nitzschia sp.					+								+	+
	洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros curvisetus					+
	牟氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros muelleri	+
	柔弱几内亚藻 Guinardia delicatula					+							+		+
	双头菱形藻 Nitzschia amphibia				+							+
	斯托根管藻Rhizosolenia Stolterfothii				+							+
	纤细角毛藻 Chaetoceros gracilis							+							+
	小环藻 Cyclotella sp.			+							+
	圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus sp.										+
	长刺根管藻Rhizosolenia longiseta			+							+
	长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima				+	+									+
	中肋骨条藻Skeletonemaceae costatum			+	+						+	+			+
	舟形藻 Navicula sp.														+
甲藻门	多甲藻 Peridinium sp.		+							+
	海洋原甲藻 Protoperidinium micans	+
	具刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax spinifera			+							+
	裸甲藻 Gymnodinium sp.	+	+			+	+	+		+			+		+
甲藻门	三角角藻 Ceratium tripos						+
甲藻门	原甲藻 Prorocentrum sp.		+			+				+			+	+
金藻门	单鞭金藻 Chromulina sp.	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	等鞭金藻 Isochrysis sp.	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		+	+	+	+
	小三毛金藻 Prymnesiaceae parvum					+	+						+
	棕鞭藻 Ochromonas sp.	+
隐藻门	蓝隐藻 Chroomonas sp.	+		+	+	+	+	+		+	+		+	+	+
	尖尾蓝隐藻 Chroomonas acuta				+	+	+	+	+			+	+	+	+
	长形蓝隐藻 Chroomonas placoidea		+
	隐藻Cryptomonas sp.		+							+
绿藻门	小球藻 Chlorella sp.	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	娇柔塔肥藻 Pyramintonas delicatula		+							+
	平藻 Pedinomonas sp.						+							+
	十字藻 Crucigenia quadrata		+
	雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis		+							+
注：“+”表示该物种在该养殖区被检测到
Note: "+" indicates that the species has been detected in the aquaculture area

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表 6 M1和M2养殖区浮游植物优势种

Tab. 6 6Dominant species of phytoplankton in M1 and M2 culture areas

养殖区	时间
	2021年	2022年
	11月	1月	3月	5月	7月	9月	11月
M1	大洋角管藻 0.11	−	蓝隐藻 0.05 中肋骨条藻 0.04	中肋骨条藻 0.06 小球藻 0.02 尖尾蓝隐藻 0.02	尖尾蓝隐藻 0.02	尖尾蓝隐藻 0.08	蓝隐藻 0.02 海链藻 0.02
M2	大洋角管藻 0.12	小球藻 0.02	蓝隐藻 0.03 海链藻 0.04	中肋骨条藻 0.07	尖尾蓝隐藻 0.03	尖尾蓝隐藻 0.10	−
注：表中数字表示该物种的优势度（Y）
Note: The numbers in the table indicate the dominance (Y) of the species

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表 7 M1和M2养殖区牡蛎生长性状比较

Tab. 7 Comparison of growth characteristics of oysters in M1 and M2 culture areas

组别	壳长	壳宽	壳高	壳干重	总重	软体湿重	软体干重	肥满度
M1	7.12±0.76	4.22±0.52	13.16±2.05	158.63±3.83*	194.83±14.52	21.53±2.22	3.75±0.65	2.36±0.12
M2	7.17±0.48	5.00±0.64**	13.26±1.50	145.25±4.33	188.69±8.21	25.24±0.77*	4.63±0.85	3.19±0.13*
注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较，表示P＜0.05，*P＜0.01
Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used, Indicates P＜0.05, * P＜0.01

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表 8 M1和M2养殖区牡蛎基础营养成分对比（g/100g）

Tab. 8 Comparison of basic nutritional components of M1 and M2 oysters (g/100g)

	水分	脂肪	粗蛋白	灰分	总糖
M1	83.27±1.3^*	1.05±0.03	8.01±0.46	2.94±0.15^*	5.35±0.15^**
M2	81.61±1.6	2.22±0.16^**	9.48±0.61^*	2.48±0.10	4.17±0.11
注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较，表示P＜0.05，* P＜0.01
Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used, Indicates P＜0.05, * P＜0.01

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表 9 M1和M2养殖区牡蛎氨基酸检测结果对比

Tab. 9 Comparison of amino acid detection results between M1 and M2 oysters

氨基酸种类	M1	M2
异亮氨酸（Ile）☆	0.36±0.00	0.35±0.01
亮氨酸（Leu）☆	0.61±0.02	0.57±0.02
酪氨酸（Tyr）++	0.29±0.02	0.29±0.01
丙氨酸（Ala）++	0.48±0.02	0.48±0.01
缬氨酸（Val）☆	0.36±0.01	0.36±0.01
蛋氨酸（Met）☆	0.19±0.01	0.19±0.01
天门冬氨酸（Asp）++	0.89±0.01	0.89±0.02
苏氨酸（Thr）☆	0.39±0.01	0.38±0.01
丝氨酸（Ser）	0.40±0.01	0.38±0.02
谷氨酸（Glu）++	1.34±0.02	1.30±0.03
脯氨酸（Pro）	0.33±0.03	0.33±0.01
甘氨酸（Gly）++	0.51±0.01	0.50±0.01
苯丙氨酸（Phe）☆++	0.30±0.01	0.30±0.01
组氨酸（His）	0.22±0.01	0.23±0.01
赖氨酸（Lys）☆	0.61±0.01	0.61±0.01
精氨酸（Arg）	0.56±0.01	0.54±0.02
16种氨基酸总量（TAA）	7.79±0.09	7.65±0.17
必需氨基酸（EAA）	3.79±0.01*	3.71±0.04
非必需氨基酸（NEAA）	4.00±0.08	3.92±0.11
呈味氨基酸（DAA）	2.80±0.05	2.75±0.07
EAA/TAA%	48.69±0.40	48.55±0.69
EAA/NEAA%	94.89±1.53	94.88±1.77
DAA/TAA%	35.90±0.24	35.88±0.25
注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较，++表示呈味氨基酸，☆表示必需氨基酸；*表示差异显著P＜0.05
Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used, ++Indicating taste amino acids, ☆ represents essential amino acids; *Indicating significant difference P＜0.05

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表 10 M1和M2养殖区牡蛎氨基酸AAS、CS和EAAI

Tab. 10 Amino acids AAS, CS and EAAI of M1 and M2 oysters

评分	必需氨基酸	M1	M2
AAS %	异亮氨酸（Ile）	114.00	114.38
	亮氨酸（Leu）	111.02	106.44
	缬氨酸（Val)	92.49	92.81
	蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys)	69.00	69.84
	苏氨酸(Thr)	125.24	124.18
	苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)	124.17	127.45
	赖氨酸(Lys)	141.30	143.79
CS %	异亮氨酸（Ile）	69.09	69.32
	亮氨酸（Leu）	88.31	84.67
	缬氨酸（Val)	92.49	92.81
	蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys)	43.91	44.44
	苏氨酸(Thr)	98.23	97.40
	苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)	74.50	76.47
	赖氨酸(Lys)	121.43	123.57
EAAI		80.56	80.70
注：采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较
Note: one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparison were used

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