渤海近海典型海草床育幼功能评估体系构建及其空间差异分析

赵家悦; 杨薇; 白军红

渤海近海典型海草床育幼功能评估体系构建及其空间差异分析

水环境模拟国家重点实验室，北京师范大学环境学院，北京 100875

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金委联合基金重点项目（U2344229）。

详细信息

作者简介:
赵家悦（2001—），河北廊坊人，硕士研究生，主要从事海洋生态环境科学研究，E-mail：202221180102@mail.bnu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
杨薇，教授，博士生导师。主要从事湿地环境生态学. E-mail: yangwei@bnu.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-10-29
- 修回日期: 2025-02-28
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-15

Evaluation system establishment of nursery function for three seagrass beds and their spatial differences in the nearshore Bohai Sea

State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

摘要

摘要: 以渤海区域曹妃甸、黄河口、觉华岛等三个典型海草床为案例区，通过实地调研、物种鉴定及数据收集，获取了海草生长状况、水体和沉积物环境质量、浮游生物、底栖生物、幼鱼种类和生物量等多项第一手资料，从水环境、沉积环境、生物环境等生境角度构建了近海海草床育幼功能综合评估指标体系，并对渤海近海各典型海草床进行了系统评估。结果显示曹妃甸与觉华岛海草生物量分别为371.22 g m⁻²和340.05 g m⁻²，均显著高于黄河口海草生物量（161.24 g m⁻²，p < 0.05）；各海草床的浮游植物丰度和生物量平均值均为黄河口>曹妃甸>觉华岛，且空间差异显著（p < 0.05）；而各海草床幼/稚鱼密度则是觉华岛最高，黄河口次之，曹妃甸最低，具有显著空间差异（p < 0.05）。对海草床育幼功能综合评估的结果中，觉华岛海草床为良好，略优于曹妃甸海草床（良好状态），优于黄河口海草床（一般状态）。进一步分析典型海草床育幼功能现状的主要驱动因素，结果表明不同海草床中贡献较大的环境与生物指标呈现出空间差异。觉华岛海草床环境和生物状态良好，水体透明度高、溶解氧丰富、无机氮浓度适中，且幼鱼群落的各指标均表现较好，在育幼功能方面贡献显著。相比之下，黄河口海草床的水环境和生物状态相对较差，该区域水体透明度低、pH值和无机氮过高，同时生物指标中浮游植物多样性特征表现差、幼鱼占比偏低，这些因素成为其育幼功能评估结果仅为一般的主要消极因素。曹妃甸海草床的环境状态良好，温度、无机氮和无机磷浓度等因素贡献较大。然而，其生物状态一般，浮游动物和幼鱼数量较低是该区域育幼功能评估的主要消极因素。本研究有助于深刻理解和认识渤海区域典型海草床的育幼功能时空差异和驱动因素，为促进我国海草床生态系统保护与海洋渔业资源可持续发展提供有效的科学依据和数据支撑。
- 海草床 /
- 育幼功能 /
- 评估指标体系 /
- 空间差异 /
- 渤海近海水域
Abstract: In this study, we conducted comprehensive field surveys in the Bohai Sea’s seagrass beds at Caofeidian, Yellow River mouth, and Juehua Island, gathering data on seagrass growth, water and sediment quality, plankton, benthic life, and juvenile fish. An integrated assessment index system for the nursery function of nearshore seagrass beds was constructed. The seagrass biomass at Caofeidian and Juehua Island was measured at 371.22 g m⁻² and 340.05 g m⁻², respectively, both of which were significantly higher than that recorded at the Yellow River mouth (161.24 g m⁻², p < 0.05). The average abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in each seagrass bed followed the order: Yellow River mouth > Caofeidian > Juehua Island, exhibiting significant spatial differences (p < 0.05). Regarding juvenile fish density, Juehua Island exhibited the highest density, followed by the Yellow River mouth, with Caofeidian showing the lowest density, also demonstrating significant spatial differences (p < 0.05). The nursery function of seagrass beds was best in Juehua Island seagrass bed, followed by Caofeidian seagrass bed and Yellow River mouth seagrass bed. Environmental and biological indicators with significant contributions varied spatially. The seagrass bed in Juehua Island has a good environmental and biological status, with high water transparency, abundant dissolved oxygen, and moderate inorganic nitrogen concentration, and the juvenile fish community indicators all performed well, contributing significantly to the nursery function. The seagrass bed in Yellow River Delta has relatively poor water environment and biological status, with low water transparency, high pH value, and excessive inorganic nitrogen. The biological indicators showed poor plankton diversity characteristics and low proportion of juvenile fish, which became the main negative factors for its nursery function assessment result of only average. The environmental status in Caofeidian seagrass bed is good, with factors such as temperature, inorganic nitrogen, and inorganic phosphorus concentration contributing significantly. However, its biological status is average, and the low number of planktonic animals and juvenile fish is the main negative factor in the nursery function assessment of this area. This study helps to deeply understand and recognize the spatial and temporal differences and driving factors of the nursery function of typical seagrass beds in the Bohai Sea area, and provides effective scientific basis and data support for the protection of seagrass bed ecosystems and the sustainable development of marine fishery resources in China.
- seagrass beds /
- nursery function /
- evaluation system /
- spatial differences /
- nearshore Bohai Sea

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图 1 渤海各典型海草床及采样点位置

Fig. 1 Locations of typical seagrass beds and sampling sites in the Bohai Sea

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图 2 海草床育幼功能综合指标体系

Fig. 2 Comprehensive indicator system for evaluating the nursery function of seagrass beds

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图 3 三个区域海草床海草生物学特征空间差异

误差线上的不同小写字母表示海草生物学特征在不同海草床之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）

Fig. 3 Spatial differences in biological characteristics of Zostera marina among seagrass beds

Different lowercase letters above error bars indicate significant differences in biological characteristics of Zostera marina among seagrass beds (p < 0.05)

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图 4 各海草床典型生物群落丰度/密度的空间差异

误差线上的不同小写字母表示典型生物群落丰度/密度在不同海草床之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）

Fig. 4 Spatial differences in abundance/density of typical biological communities among seagrass beds

Different lowercase letters above error bars indicate significant differences in abundance/density of typical biological communities among seagrass beds (p < 0.05)

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图 5 各海草床典型生物群落生物量的空间差异

误差线上的不同小写字母表示典型生物群落生物量在不同海草床之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）

Fig. 5 Spatial differences in biomass of typical biological communities among seagrass beds

Different lowercase letters above error bars indicate significant differences in biomass of typical biological communities among seagrass beds (p < 0.05)

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图 6 各海草床典型生物群落多样性特征的空间差异

误差线上的不同小写字母表示典型生物群落多样性特征在不同海草床之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）

Fig. 6 Spatial differences in biodiversity of typical biological communities among seagrass beds

Different lowercase letters above error bars indicate significant differences in biodiversity of typical biological communities among seagrass beds (p < 0.05)

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图 7 海草床环境指标评估

Fig. 7 Assessment results of environmental indicators among seagrass beds

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图 8 海草床生物指标评估

Fig. 8 Evaluation of biological indicators among seagrass beds

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图 9 海草床育幼功能综合指数时空差异

误差线上的不同小写字母表示NFI在不同海草床之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）

Fig. 9 Spatiotemporal differences in comprehensive nursery function index (NFI) among seagrass beds

Different lowercase letters above error bars indicate significant differences in NFI (Nursery Function Index) among seagrass beds (p < 0.05)

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表 1 指标评分标准

Tab. 1 Scoring criteria for evaluation indicators

类型	指标	单位	指标水平（标准化范围）
类型	指标	单位	优（>0.8）	良好（0.6-0.8）	一般（0.4-0.6）	差（0.2-0.4）	极差（0-0.2）
水环境	透明度	cm	>=150	100～150	50～100	25～50	<25
	溶解氧	mg L⁻¹	>=10	9～10	8～9	7～8	<7
	盐度	ppt	≤30	>30
	pH	无量纲	7.8～8.5	6.8~7.8	<6.8
	水温	℃	<=20	15～20	25～15	15～25	<15
	无机氮	mg L⁻¹	<=0.2	0.2～0.4	0.4～0.8	0.8～1	>1
	磷酸盐	μg L⁻¹	<=15	15～30	30～45	45～60	>60
沉积环境	总氮	mg g⁻¹	<=0.3	0.3～0.4	0.4～0.5	0.5～0.6	>0.6
	总磷	mg g⁻¹	<=0.2	0.2～0.4	0.4～0.5	0.5～0.6	>0.6
	砂含量	%	<=75	75～80	80～85	85～90	>90
海草	茎枝密度	ind. m⁻²	>=300	200～300	100～200	50～100	<50
	生物量	shoots m⁻²	>=500	300～500	200～300	100～200	<100
	平均株高	cm	>=40	30～40	20～30	10～20	<10
浮游植物	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数	无量纲	>=2	1.5～2	1～1.5	0.5～1	<0.5
	Margalef 丰富度	无量纲	>=2	1～2	0.5～1	0.1～0.5	<0.1
	Pielou 均匀度	无量纲	>=0.9	0.8～0.9	0.6～0.8	0.5～0.6	<0.5
	丰度	10³ cells L⁻¹	<=3000	3000～10000	10000～30000	30000～60000	>60000
	生物量	mg L⁻¹	<=0.5	0.5～1	1～3	3～5	>5
浮游动物	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数	无量纲	>=1.5	1～1.5	0.5～1	0.1～0.5	<0.1
	Margalef 丰富度	无量纲	>=2	1～2	0.5～1	0.1～0.5	<0.1
	Pielou 均匀度	无量纲	>=0.8	0.7～0.8	0.6～0.7	0.5～0.6	<0.5
	丰度	ind. L⁻¹	>=80	40～80	20～40	10～20	<10
	生物量	mg L⁻¹	>=1.5	1～1.5	0.5～1	0.25～0.5	<0.25
底栖动物	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数	无量纲	>=1.5	1～1.5	0.5～1	0.1～0.5	<0.1
	Margalef 丰富度	无量纲	>=2	1～2	0.5～1	0.1～0.5	<0.1
	Pielou 均匀度	无量纲	>=0.8	0.7～0.8	0.6～0.7	0.5～0.6	<0.5
	密度	ind. m⁻²	>=100	300～100	200～300	100～200	<100
	生物量	g m⁻²	>=40	25～40	10～25	5～10	<5
幼鱼	密度	kg km⁻²	>=4000	1500～4000	500～1500	250～500	<250
	生物量	ind. km⁻²	>=20	15～20	10～15	5～10	<5
	幼鱼数量占比	%	>=0.4	0.3～0.4	0.2～0.3	0.1～0.2	<0.1

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表 2 各层指标权重和类型

Tab. 2 Weights and types of hierarchical indicators in the comprehensive evaluation system

准则层	权重	中间层	权重	指标层	权重
环境指标	0.3700	水环境	0.8000	透明度	0.2039
				溶解氧	0.1668
				盐度	0.0701
				pH	0.0487
				水温	0.1682
				无机碳	0.1727
				磷酸盐	0.1727
		沉积环境	0.2000	总氮	0.3333
				总磷	0.3333
				砂含量	0.3333
生物指标	0.6300	海草	0.1667	茎枝密度	0.3333
				生物量	0.3333
				平均株高	0.3333
		浮游植物	0.1667	Shannon-Wiener多样性	0.1429
				Margalef 丰富度	0.1429
				Pielou 均匀度	0.1429
				丰度	0.2857
				生物量	0.2857
		浮游动物	0.1667	Shannon-Wiener多样性	0.1429
				Margalef 丰富度	0.1429
				Pielou 均匀度	0.1429
				丰度	0.2857
				生物量	0.2857
		底栖动物	0.1667	Shannon-Wiener多样性	0.1429
				Margalef 丰富度	0.1429
				Pielou 均匀度	0.1429
				密度	0.2857
				生物量	0.2857
		幼鱼	0.3333	密度	0.3333
				生物量	0.3333
				幼鱼数量占比	0.3333

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表 3 海草床环境因子空间差异

Tab. 3 Spatial differences in environmental factors among seagrass beds

类别	指标名称	单位	觉华岛	黄河口	曹妃甸
水环境	透明度	cm	131.00±10.55a	32.95±0.35b	104.25±14.27a
	溶解氧	mg L⁻¹	9.01±0.35b	9.14±0.10a	8.74±0.30b
	盐度	ppt	30.82±0.46a	33.10±0.63a	32.93±0.59a
	pH	无量纲	7.39±0.08c	8.04±0.05b	8.54±0.04a
	水温	℃	18.07±1.44b	22.71±0.16a	17.89±1.03b
	无机氮	mg L⁻¹	0.08±0.01c	1.12±0.02a	0.13±0.00b
	磷酸盐	μg L⁻¹	23.74±2.03a	4.60±0.00c	12.13±1.60b
沉积环境	总氮	mg g⁻¹	0.38±0.01b	0.40±0.00b	0.68±0.01a
	总磷	mg g⁻¹	0.14±0.00b	0.10±0.00c	0.49±0.00a
	砂含量	%	87.19±1.08a	86.60±0.17b	81.88±2.92b
注：表中数据为平均值±标准误；不同字母（a, b, c）表示差异显著（p < 0.05）。Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 level.

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