Characteristics of the summer-autumn Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea induced by cyclonic mesoscale eddies
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摘要: 太平洋黑潮入侵南海对南海的环流、温盐平衡、中尺度涡、局地气候等具有重要影响。黑潮入侵南海多发生在冬季，夏秋季（5–10月）入侵较弱。然而，通过分析2023年南海东北部的现场观测数据发现，吕宋海峡西侧气旋式中尺度涡可以诱发夏秋季黑潮显著入侵南海，使南海东北部水体最大盐度达到34.80。结合卫星高度计数据和再分析资料，证实了该气旋涡诱发黑潮入侵南海现象，气旋涡的平流作用共计输运3.05×1013 m3黑潮水进入南海。进一步统计表明，1993–2023年共发生25次气旋涡诱发夏秋季黑潮入侵南海现象。31年内，气旋涡诱发的夏秋季黑潮入侵南海的水体通量增量达到0.29 Sv，占夏秋季吕宋海峡上层总通量的8.1%，气旋涡的流速南北非对称性可能是增强黑潮入侵南海通量的主要原因。以上结果表明气旋涡诱发夏秋季黑潮入侵南海在南海和西北太平洋水体交换中扮演着不可忽视的重要作用。Abstract: The intrusion of the Kuroshio into the South China Sea (SCS) has important effects on its circulation, thermohaline balance, mesoscale eddies and local climate. Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS predominantly occurs in winter and is relatively weaker during the summer-autumn (May–October). However, an analysis of observational data in the northeastern SCS in 2023 reveals that cyclonic mesoscale eddies on the western side of the Luzon Strait can significantly enhance summer-autumn Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. The maximum observed salinity in the northeastern SCS reached 34.80. Further analysis integrating satellite altimetry and reanalysis data confirms that cyclonic eddies can induce Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS during the summer-autumn. The advection of the cyclonic eddies transported 3.05×1013 m3 of Kuroshio water into the SCS. A statistical analysis further identifies 25 occurrences of cyclonic eddy-induced Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS from 1993 and 2023. Over the 31 years, the additional summer-autumn water flux induced by cyclonic eddies has reached approximately 0.29 Sv, accounting for 8.1% of the total upper-layer flux in the Luzon Strait during summer and autumn. The north-south velocity asymmetry of cyclonic eddies is likely the primary mechanism enhancing Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. These findings highlight the significant role of cyclonic eddy-induced Kuroshio intrusion during summer and autumn in facilitating water exchange between the SCS and the Northwest Pacific.
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Key words:
- cyclonic mesoscale eddies /
- Kuroshio invades South China Sea /
- summer-autumn /
- water flux
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图 1 南海东北部和西太平洋水深分布图（a）及观测期间海面高度异常和绝对地转流分布图（b）
（a）中红色实线、黄色虚线和绿色虚线分别代表黑潮的跨隙态、分叉态和流套态路径；200、1 000、2 000和3 000 m等深线用黑色实线表示；（b）中紫色五角星代表CTD站位；红色和黑色方框分别代表图3和图8中“南海水”和“黑潮水”温盐曲线的计算区域；蓝色方框代表图3中“9月平均”温盐曲线的计算区域；绿色实线代表图2a-f和图6经向断面位置
Fig. 1 (a) Depth distribution of northeast South China Sea and West Pacific Ocean, (b) Sea level anomaly and absolute geostrophic current distribution during observation
(a) Red solid line, yellow dashed line and green dashed line represent the leaping, leaking and looping paths of Kuroshio, respectively; The 200, 1 000, 2 000 and 3 000 m isobath lines are shown as solid black lines; (b) Purple stars represent CTD stations; The red and black boxes represent the calculation areas of the temperature and salinity curves of "South China Sea" and " Kuroshio" in Fig.3 and Fig.8, respectively; The blue box represents the calculation areas of the temperature and salinity curves of "September mean" in Fig.3; The solid green line represents the position of the meridional section in Fig.2a-f and Fig.6
图 2 1993–2023年期间气候态平均的CMEMS再分析数据与WOA数据和卫星高度计数据对比图。(a-c) WOA盐度、CMEMS盐度和CMEMS相较于WOA的盐度偏差断面分布图，（d-f） WOA温度、CMEMS温度和CMEMS相较于WOA的温度偏差断面分布图，（g-i） 卫星高度计纬向绝对地转流、CMEMS纬向绝对地转流和CMEMS相较于卫星高度计的纬向绝对地转流速差分布图
（a-f）断面的位置标注在图1b
Fig. 2 Comparison of climatological CMEMS reanalysis data with WOA data and satellite altimeter data from 1993 to 2023. (a-c) WOA salinity, CMEMS salinity, and salinity deviation of CMEMS compared to WOA; (d-f) WOA temperature, CMEMS temperature, and temperature deviation of CMEMS compared to WOA; (g-i) Satellite altimeter zonal absolute geostrophic current, CMEMS zonal absolute geostrophic current and the difference in zonal absolute geostrophic current between CMEMS and satellite altimeter data
The location of sections in subfigure a-f is indicated in Fig.1b
图 3 船载CTD观测数据温盐曲线图（a）及与船载CTD数据观测位置和时间相对应的CMEMS再分析数据温盐曲线图（b）
“南海水”、“9月平均”和“黑潮水”通过WOA气候态数据计算，计算区域标注在图1b；红色和灰色阴影分别代表接近南海水和黑潮水特征的水体；灰色实线为等位势密度线
Fig. 3 Temperature-Salinity diagram of shipborne CTD observation data (a) and Temperature-Salinity diagram of CMEMS reanalysis data corresponding to the observation position and time of shipborne CTD data (b)
Temperature and salinity curves of "South China Sea", "September mean" and " Kuroshio" were calculated by WOA climatological data, and the calculation areas were marked in Fig.1b; The red and gray shadings represent water masses close to the water of the South China Sea and Kuroshio, respectively; Gray solid lines denote contours of potential density
图 4 2023年夏秋季气旋式中尺度涡CE发展演变过程图
灰色虚线、黑色实线和灰色实线分别为小于、等于和大于0 cm的SLA等值线，间隔3 cm；圆点及其颜色代表示踪粒子位置和布放粒子时间；(a)中绿色方框标记了示踪粒子的布放区域；(e)中紫色五角星代表CTD站位
Fig. 4 The evolution process of cyclonic mesoscale eddy (CE) in the summer-autumn of 2023
Gray dashed, black solid and gray solid lines represent SLA contours less than, equal to, and greater than 0 cm with an interval of 3 cm, respectively; The dots and its color represent the position of the tracer particles and the time of the particles placement, respectively; (a) The green box represents the area where the tracer particles were deployed; (e) The purple stars represent the CTD stations
图 5 2023年案例期间23.6 kg m−3等位势密度面盐度分布图
底色为23.6 kg m−3等位势密度面处盐度值；箭头为23.6 kg m−3等位势密度面处流场；灰色等值线为气旋式中尺度涡CE的SLA等值线，间隔0.04 m，最外层等值线为−0.02 m
Fig. 5 Salinity distribution at 23.6 kg m−3 isopotential density plane during the 2023 case period
The shadings and arrows indicate the salinity and currents at the 23.6 kg m−3 isopotential density plane, respectively; The grey lines indicate the SLA contours of the cyclonic mesoscale eddy (CE) at a 0.04 m interval, the outermost contour is −0.02 m
图 7 1993–2023年气旋式中尺度涡事件典型案例
底色为SLA；箭头为绝对地转流
Fig. 7 Typical cases of cyclonic mesoscale eddy events from 1993 to 2023
The shadings and arrows indicate the SLA and absolute geostrophic currents, respectively
图 8 1993–2023年25例气旋式中尺度涡事件涡旋南北两侧区域的平均温盐曲线图
“南海水”和“黑潮水”通过WOA气候态数据计算，计算区域标注在图1b；红色和灰色阴影代表标准差；灰色实线为等位势密度线
Fig. 8 The average temperature and salinity curves of the north and south parts of 25 cyclonic mesoscale eddy events from 1993 to 2023
Temperature and salinity curves of "South China Sea" and "Kuroshio" were calculated by WOA climatological data, and the calculation areas were marked in Fig.1b; The red and gray shadings represent standard deviations; Gray solid lines denote contours of potential density
图 9 涡旋案例期间黑潮入侵南海的平均水体通量与涡旋平均VA参数的关系
Fig. 9 The relationship between the average water flux of Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS and the average VA during cyclonic mesoscale eddy events
图 10 气旋式中尺度涡诱发黑潮入侵南海示意图
分叉态路径处标注通量为气旋涡诱发黑潮入侵南海的夏秋季平均水体通量增量；气旋涡北侧实线比南侧更显著，用于展现可能存在的平流强度的非对称结构
Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of cyclonic mesoscale eddy induced Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS
The marked flux at the leaking path is the summer-autumn averaged water flux of the cyclonic mesoscale eddy induced Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea; The solid line on the north side of the cyclonic eddy is more pronounced than on the south side, illustrating the potential asymmetric structure of advection strength
表 1 船载CTD观测站位信息
Tab. 1 Shipborne CTD observation station information
站点名称 经度/°E 纬度/°N 测量时间 站位水深/m 观测深度/m J2 117.95 21.51 2023年9月24日 1186 1137 J3 117.30 21.29 2023年9月25日 370 363 MS2 119.22 21.12 2023年9月21日 1993 504 MS5 119.44 21.02 2023年9月22日 2974 403 MS10 119.87 20.84 2023年9月22日 3425 505 
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表 2 1993–2023年类似气旋式中尺度涡案例情况统计
Tab. 2 Statistics of similar cyclonic mesoscale eddy cases from 1993 to 2023
序号 气旋涡促进黑潮入侵时间段 涡心位置 持续时间/天 平均水体通量/Sv 非对称性 1 1993-05-02～1993-05-27 119.7°E, 20.1°N 26 5.22 1.02 2 1995-05-19～1995-06-13 120.9°E, 21.3°N 26 4.45 0.91 3 1996-07-18～1996-08-22 119.8°E, 20.4°N 36 4.11 0.90 4 1997-05-24～1997-06-16 119.7°E, 20.8°N 24 5.06 0.94 5 1998-06-27～1998-07-12 119.3°E, 19.7°N 16 5.82 0.99 6 1999-09-06～1999-10-03 119.6°E, 19.5°N 28 5.42 1.15 7 2000-07-03～2000-08-16 119.3°E, 21.0°N 45 4.64 0.99 8 2001-05-16～2001-06-11 119.6°E, 20.1°N 27 3.95 0.82 9 2002-05-31～2002-07-10 119.3°E, 20.7°N 41 4.79 0.92 10 2003-09-30～2003-10-19 119.2°E, 20.7°N 20 6.46 1.19 11 2004-10-10～2004-11-04 119.3°E, 20.5°N 26 7.01 1.23 12 2005-06-02～2005-06-25 119.5°E, 21.2°N 24 4.24 0.84 13 2007-05-28～2007-06-28 119.6°E, 20.5°N 32 3.70 0.72 14 2008-08-16～2008-08-30 119.0°E, 19.9°N 15 3.66 0.78 15 2009-10-06～2009-10-31 119.6°E, 20.3°N 26 5.99 1.11 16 2012-04-08～2012-05-08 119.6°E, 20.8°N 31 4.05 0.94 17 2014-09-12～2014-10-11 120.1°E, 20.3°N 30 7.42 1.15 18 2015-07-12～2015-08-13 119.3°E, 19.8°N 33 6.37 1.11 19 2015-10-10～2015-11-15 119.5°E, 19.7°N 37 7.52 1.23 20 2016-05-07～2016-06-10 119.9°E, 21.2°N 35 5.20 1.01 21 2017-08-15～2017-09-08 120.5°E, 20.5°N 25 5.77 1.12 22 2019-07-29～2019-08-19 120.3°E, 20.1°N 22 4.56 0.87 23 2020-09-17～2020-10-01 120.1°E, 19.9°N 15 5.45 1.05 24 2022-06-19～2022-07-09 120.7°E, 19.5°N 21 4.61 0.91 25 2023-08-27～2023-10-17 119.7°E, 20.1°N 52 6.79 1.13
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