琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重流：来自岩心的证据

熊连桥; 李建平; 谢晓军; 唐武; 白海强; 武爱俊; 李鑫; 刘子玉; 陈莹; 于进鑫

琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重流：来自岩心的证据

中海油研究总院有限责任公司，北京 100028

基金项目: 中国海洋石油集团有限公司“十四五”重大科技项目（KJGG2021-0100）。

详细信息

作者简介:
熊连桥（1986—），男，四川金阳人，博士，高级工程师，主要从事沉积与储层地质研究。E-mail： xionglq2@cnooc.com.cn

中图分类号: P736.21+1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-12-12
- 修回日期: 2024-02-29
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-11

Hyperpycnal flow found in submarine fan of the Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan Basin：Evidence from the drilling cores

CNOOC Research Institute Ltd., Beijing 100028, China

摘要

摘要: 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇天然气勘探潜力大。大多数学者认为梅山组海底扇为浊流成因，但钻井岩心揭示，砂砾岩中发育粒径高达5 cm的砾石，砂砾岩段磨圆度好，分选性差，海底扇的浊流成因无法解释此类砂砾岩成因，同时，经典的海底扇模式对砂体分布预测存在局限。基于岩心、薄片观察和粒度分析，对研究区海底扇岩石学特征和沉积构造开展系统研究，提出研究区海底扇为浊流和异重流交互沉积成因，区分了浊积岩与异重岩垂向叠置序列；结合古地貌特征，建立起梅山组海底扇成因演化模式。结果表明，研究区梅山组异重岩成分成熟度低，以长石质岩屑砂岩为主，岩石分选极差、磨圆次棱角−圆状，为中−高结构成熟度；块状砂质砾岩中，砾石定向排列、逆正粒序层理、平行层理、炭屑与生物化石碎片等构造是异重流沉积的典型特征；研究区海底扇发育多期浊积岩与异重岩叠置序列，梅山组早期以浊流沉积朵叶为主，中期以异重流沉积水道为主，晚期以浊流沉积水道为主，预测研究区南部发育更有利的海底扇储集砂体。成果可以为琼东南盆地海底扇有利砂体分布预测提供依据，对油气田勘探开发目标选取具有指导意义。
- 异重流 /
- 沉积序列 /
- 海底扇 /
- 梅山组 /
- 琼东南盆地
Abstract: Submarine fans developed in the middle Miocene Meishan formation possess significant potential for natural gas exploration. Most of scholars believed that these Miocene submarine fans were formed primarily by turbidity currents. However, drilling cores reveal the presence of pebbles with a particle size of up to 5 cm in the sandy conglomerates. These sandy conglomerates exhibit good roundness and poor sorting, indicating that the traditional turbidity formation mechanism cannot fully explain the origin of this type of sandy conglomerates. Furthermore, the classic submarine fan model has limitations in predicting the distribution of sand bodies. Through a comprehensive study involving core, thin section observation, and grain size analysis, we have conducted a systematic investigation of the petrological characteristics and sedimentary structures of submarine fan in the study area. Our findings suggest that submarine fans in the study area resulted from the interaction of turbidity and hyperpycnal flow deposits. We have identified distinct sequences of turbidites and hyperpycnalites within the submarine fan. Based on the paleogeomorphlogy of the study area, we have established a genetic evolution model for the submarine fan in Meishan Formation. This model reveals that the hyperpycnites dominated by feldspathic litharenite, exhibit low compositional maturity. Poor sorting and subangular-circular of the rocks indicate middle-to-high structural maturity. Typical features of hyperpycnal flow include orientated gravel within block sandy conglomerates, reverse-to-normal grain order bedding, parallel bedding, carbonaceous debris, and biological fossil fragments. Multi stage superimposed turbidite sequence and hyperpycnites sequence developed in submarine fan in the study area. The early Meishan period is primarily composed of turbidite submarine fan lobes, while the middle Meishan period is dominated by hyperpycnites submarine fan channels. The late Meishan period, on the other hand, is mainly composed of turbidite submarine fan channels. We predict that more favorable submarine fan sand bodies could be found in the southern part of the study area. The results can serve as a basis for predicting the distribution of favorable submarine fan reservoirs of the Qiongdongnan Basin, and they hold significance for selecting exploration and development targets for hydrocarbon exploration.
- hyperpycnal flow /
- sedimentary sequence /
- submarine fan /
- Meishan formation /
- Qiongdongnan Basin

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图 1 研究区地理位置及地层柱状图（据文献[24]修改）

Fig. 1 Location of the study area and the strata of Qiongdongnan Basin (modified after reference [24])

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图 2 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组岩性与岩石类型三角图

a. 砂质砾岩，砾石粒径最高5 cm，4 822.55 m，A1井；b. 含砂砾岩，分选差，次棱角-次圆状，4 822.5 m，A1井；c. 岩石成分三角图

Fig. 2 Lithology and triangular diagram of rock types of the Meishan Formation in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

a. Sandy conglomerate, displaying the maximum grain size of gravel is larger than 5 cm in the core interval of 4 822.55 m in the A1 well. b. Sand bearing conglomerate, displaying poor sorting with the shape of sub angular - sub circular in the core interval of 4 822.5 m in the A1 well. c. Triangular diagram of the rock composition of the study area.

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图 3 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组砂岩粒度概率累计曲线

a. 粉砂岩，4 792.58 m；b. 含砾砂岩，4 783.4 m

Fig. 3 Grain size probability plot of sand stones in Meishan Formation in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

a. Siltstone in the depth of 4 792.8m in the A1 well; b. gravel bearing sandstone in the depth of 4 783.4m in the A1 well.

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图 4 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井梅山组典型沉积构造特征

a. 砂质砾岩侵蚀下部粉砂岩，4 828.03 m；b. 砂质砾岩侵蚀下伏粉砂质泥岩，4 824.68 m；c. 细砂岩侵蚀粉砂岩，粉砂岩侵蚀泥岩，4 825.29 m；d. 细砂岩、粉砂岩侵蚀下伏泥岩，可见砂岩底部槽模、平行层理、波状层理，4 768.29～4 768.60 m；e. 砂质砾岩，砾石长轴定向排列，最大砾石粒径大于5 cm，4 822.55 m；f. 粉砂岩侵蚀下伏粉砂质泥岩，粉砂岩中见丝带状泥砾呈叠瓦状排列，4 825.90 m；g. 砂质砾岩，见逆正粒序层理，碳酸盐岩碎屑，4 824.07～4 824.98 m；h. 砾质砂岩，见逆正粒序层理，内部可见侵蚀面，4 831.38～4 832.30 m；i. 砾质砂岩，细粒的砂岩中逆正粒序对厚度2～5 cm，4 823.16～4 824.07 m；j. 粉砂岩，可见炭屑呈丝带状排列，少量泥砾定向排列，4 825.59 m；k. 砂质砾岩，砂砾混杂堆积，可见植物碎片，4 830.47 m；l. 砂质砾岩，顶部见砾石长轴定向排列，发育碳酸盐岩砾石，4 819.5～4 820.17 m；m. 泥质粉砂岩，泥岩撕裂屑，包卷层理，4 824.37 m。Sh: 泥砾；T: 炭屑；P: 植物碎屑；Ca: 碳酸盐岩

Fig. 4 Sedimentary characteristics of the Meishan Formation in A1 well in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

a. Sandy conglomerates erode the lower siltstone in the depth of 4 828.03 m; b. Sandy conglomerates erode the lower silty mudstone in the depth of 4 824.68 m; c. Fine sandstone erodes siltstone, and siltstone erodes mudstone in the depth of 4 825.29 m; d. Fine sandstone and siltstone erode the underlying mudstone, displaying grooves, parallel bedding, and wavy bedding at the bottom of the sandstone in the depth interval of 4 768.29～4 768.60 m. e. Sandy conglomerates, displaying oriented gravels with a maximum grain size of 5 cm gravel in the depth of 4 825.90 m; f. Siltstone erodes the lower silty mudstone, displaying filamentous gravel arranged in a layered tile pattern in the siltstone in the depth of 4 825.90 m; g. Sandy conglomerates, displaying inverse and normal grading with carbonates fragments in the depth interval of 4 824.07～4 824.98 m; h. Gravel sandstone, displaying inverse and normal grading and erosion surfaces inside in the depth interval of 4 831.38～4 832.30 m. i. Gravel sandstone, displaying fine-grained sandstone with a inverse and normal grading, with a thickness of 2-5 cm in the depth interval of 4 823.16～4 824.07 m; j. Siltstone, displaying carbon debris arranged in a ribbon like pattern, with a small mount of oriented rip-up clasts in the depth of 4 825.59 m; k. Sandy conglomerates, mixed with sandstone and conglomerates, see plant fragments in the depth of 4 830.47 m. l. Sandy conglomerates, displaying oriented gravels at the top and carbonate gravels in the depth interval of 4 819.5～4 820.17 m; m. Muddy siltstone, displaying rip-up clasts and convolute bedding in the depth of 4 824.37 m. Sh: rip-up clasts；T: carbon debris；P: plant debris；Ca: carbonates

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图 5 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井浊积岩岩心特征及叠置序列

Fig. 5 Lithology characteristics and vertical depositional sequence of turbidite in A1 well in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

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图 6 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井异重岩岩心及叠置序列

Fig. 6 Lithology characteristics and vertical depositional sequence of hyperpycniate in A1 well in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

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图 7 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井梅山组沉积演化序列与海平面变化（海平面变化曲线据文献[36]）

Fig. 7 Sedimentary evolutionary sequence with sea level change of the Meishan Formation in A1 well in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin (sea level curve was from reference[36])

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图 8 琼东南盆地梅山组古地貌与地震属性特征

a. 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组沉积期古地貌; b. 物源区地震剖面特征（剖面位置见图a）; c. 梅山组海底扇最小振幅属性与梅山组底界深度构造叠合图（据文献[16]修改）

Fig. 8 Characteristics of paleogeomorphology and seismic attribute of Meishan Formation in the Qiongdongnan basin

a. Paleogeomorphology of Meishan formation in the Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan basin; b. Seismic profile of provenance, see the location in Fig. 8 a; c. The minimum amplitude of the submarine fan and the depth structure of the bottom of Meishan formation (modified after reference[16])

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图 9 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷海底扇成因演化模式

Fig. 9 Evolution model of the genetic mechanism of submarine fan in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

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表 1 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井梅山组碎屑岩沉积结构与成分成熟度

Tab. 1 Sedimentary structure and compositional maturity of A1 well clastic rock in Meishan Formation in the Ledong sag in Qiongdongnan basin

岩性	样品数	分选性	单晶石英（Q）百分含量/% （低～高/平均）	长石（F）百分含量/% （低～高/平均）	岩屑（R）百分含量/% （低～高/平均）	泥质杂基百分含量/% （低～高/平均）	结构与成分成熟度评判
砾岩	27	差	3−52/21.1	0−20.5/9.4	24−81.5/54.7	0−7/1.6	低结构成熟极低成分成熟
含砂砾岩	19	差	31−55.5/40.5	7−19/12.7	15.5−42/28	0−10/1.9	中−低结构成熟低成分成熟
粗砂岩	9	差	20−32.5/25.4	11−19/14.7	32−52/43.3	0−2/0.7	中结构成熟极低成分成熟
细−中砂岩	10	中	36−63/53.3	7−13/10.1	10.5−40/17.7	0−5/0.8	高结构成熟中成分成熟
粉砂岩	5	中	51.5−56/53.8	8−12/10	14.5−15.5/15	0−0/0	高结构成熟中成分成熟

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