基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估

吕赫; 张少峰; 宋德海; 鲍献文

doi:10.12284/hyxb2023003

基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估

doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023003

吕赫^{1, 2,},
张少峰⁴,
宋德海^{1, 3, ,},
鲍献文^{1, 2, 3}

1.
中国海洋大学物理海洋教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266100
2.
中国海洋大学海洋与大气学院，山东青岛 266100
3.
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室，山东青岛 266237
4.
自然资源部第四海洋研究所，广西北海 536015

基金项目: 广西重点研发计划（桂科AB1850023）；泰山学者工程专项经费（tsqn202211056）。

详细信息

作者简介:
吕赫（1997-），男，山东省青岛市人，主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail: lvhe@stu.ouc.edu.cn

通讯作者:
宋德海（1983-）,男，山东省青岛市人，教授，主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail: songdh@ouc.edu.cn

中图分类号: P734.4⁺4; X55
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-06
- 修回日期: 2022-08-01
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-07
- 刊出日期: 2023-02-01

Environmental capacity change and loss assessment of Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi induced by large-scale reclamation and land-based sewage discharge

Lyu He^{1, 2
,},
Zhang Shaofeng⁴,
Song Dehai^{1, 3
, ,},
Bao Xianwen^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2.
College of Oceanic and Atmosphere Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
3.
Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
4.
Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China

摘要

摘要: 在2004–2019年间，人类通过大规模围填海以及陆源排污等活动对钦州湾造成了不可逆转的深远影响。本文基于卫星遥感影像和海图资料，利用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型建立的高精度钦州湾水动力–水质模型，分析了十几年来人类活动的累积效应对钦州湾水质的影响。受围填海和陆源排污两者的影响，钦州湾内化学需氧量（COD）的浓度略有下降（0.976 mg/L下降到0.909 mg/L），但湾内无机氮（DIN）和无机磷（DIP）的浓度分别从0.146 mg/L和0.023 mg/L增加到0.230 mg/L和0.027 mg/L，无机氮的浓度增加较为显著；统计结果表明，湾内超四类水质海域面积和重度富营养化水域面积大幅度增加，水质环境状况不容乐观。此外根据钦州湾内排污的特点，利用分担率法计算了不同时期下钦州湾的环境容量，结果表明湾内排污量远超最大允许排污量，茅岭江、钦江两条河流的排污量亟需削减；由于围填海导致的海湾面积减小和水交换能力降低，钦州湾环境容量较2008年有明显下降。对茅尾海局部采用排海通量最优法的计算表明，茅岭江应当分担比钦江更多的排污量，才能有利于茅尾海内的水质改善。通过估算发现双重人为压力共同对钦州湾造成了约每年26.95亿元的环境容量价值损失，因此在开发利用海洋前应慎重考虑环境容量损失的补偿方案。
- 人类活动 /
- 水质 /
- 污染物输运 /
- 环境容量 /
- 海洋模型
Abstract: From 2004 to 2019, human activities have caused a profound and irreversible impact on Qinzhou Bay (QZB) through large-scale land reclamation and land-based sewage discharge. In this study, based on the satellite images and marine charts, a hydro-biogeochemical model was established to analyze the cumulative effect of human activities on water quality in Qinzhou Bay during the past decades. Under the double anthropogenic pressures, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in QZB has slightly decreased from 0.976 mg/L to 0.909 mg/L. But the concentration of inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and inorganic phosphorus (DIP) increased obviously from 0.146 mg/L and 0.023 mg/L to 0.230 mg/L and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. The statistical results show that the area of heavily polluted and severe eutrophication water has increased dramatically, indicating the water quality in QZB being degenerated. According to the characteristics of pollution discharge in the bay, the share rate method was used to calculate the environment capacity in different scenarios. The results show that the actual emissions far exceed the maximum allowed amount in the bay, particularly in Maoling River and Qinjiang River, where the emissions of pollutants need to be reduced urgently. Because of the decrease of the water area and water exchange capacity caused by land reclamation, the environment capacity has reduced compare to the historical situation. The calculation of sewage discharge optimization method for Maowei Sea indicates that Maoling River should share more sewage discharge than Qinjiang River, which is conducive to the improvement of water quality in Maowei Sea. It is estimated that the environmental capacity value loss of Qinzhou Bay caused by two anthropogenic pressures is approximate 2.695 billion per year, so compensation should be considered before exploitation and utilization of the coastal ocean.
- human activities /
- water quality /
- pollutant transport /
- environment capacity /
- ocean model

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图 1 钦州湾地形图

Fig. 1 Bathymetry in Qinzhou Bay

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图 2 营养盐–浮游植物–浮游动物–碎屑（NPZD）模式的框架结构

Fig. 2 The framework of the Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus （NPZD） model

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图 3 各类污染物浓度分布及差异

a−c: 化学需氧量；d−f: 溶解无机氮；g−i: 溶解无机磷；左：2008年；中：2018年；右：2018年减2008年之差

Fig. 3 Concentration distribution of three pollutants and their difference

a−c: Chemical oxygen demand; d−f: dissolved inorganic nitrogen; g−i: dissolved inorganic phosphorus; left column for the year of 2008, middle column represents for the year of 2018, right column represents the difference of 2018 minus 2008

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图 4 钦州湾不同类别水质面积统计图

Fig. 4 Statistical results of different water quality standard areas in Qinzhou Bay

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图 5 湾内水体富营养化程度分布

蓝线代表不同类别富营养化程度的分界线

Fig. 5 The eutrophication degree distribution of water body in the Qinzhou Bay

The blue line showing the boundary of different eutrophication degree

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图 6 2008年（a）和2018年（b）茅尾海内排海通量最优法允许排放量和排污布局计算结果

Fig. 6 Results of the allowed emissions and sewage layout through optimal drainage flux in the Maowei Sea in 2008 (a) and 2018 (b)

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表 1 2008年钦州湾各河流/排污口污染物通量

Tab. 1 Pollutant discharge of rivers and sewage outlets in the Qinzhou Bay in 2008

序号	排污口名称	COD/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIN/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIP/ （t∙a⁻¹）
1	钦州港勒沟桥排污口	3 191.09	0.74	0.23
2	钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口	1 143.42	20.20	9.62
3	钦州港起步工业园东排水	546.88	7.34	7.51
4	钦州港起步工业园西排水	555.36	4.21	4.10
5	钦州燃煤电厂排水口	420.15	2.30	3.21
6	钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口	1 287.04	1.89	0.99
7	茅岭江	16 615.09	962.26	188.75
8	钦江	13 527.56	2 111.93	229.39
总计		37 286.59	3 111.11	444.03

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表 2 2018年钦州湾各河流/排污口污染物通量

Tab. 2 Pollutant discharge of rivers and sewage outlets in the Qinzhou Bay in 2018

序号	排污口名称	COD/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIN/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIP/ （t∙a⁻¹）
1	钦州市犀牛角镇排污口	8.19	1.04	0.90
2	钦州港金桂纸业排污口	121.84	21.96	0.49
3	钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口	5.41	0.24	0.38
4	钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口	311.60	32.07	2.11
5	钦州市东排水口（茶山江）	4 405.80	532.02	179.50
6	钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口	2.86	0.24	0.06
7	钦州港东排水口	67.66	1.56	0.33
8	钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口	24.14	5.11	0.43
9	钦州港勒沟作业区排污口	1.60	0.59	0.01
10	茅岭江	7 919.30	2 194.20	217.40
11	钦江	8 937.70	1 589.30	117.17
总计		21 806.10	4 378.33	518.78

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表 3 钦州湾水质模型所采用的主要参数

Tab. 3 Main parameters of the Qinzhou Bay water-quality model

参数	取值
浮游植物生长速率/d⁻¹	1.5
浮游植物死亡率/d⁻¹	0.05
浮游动物代谢速率/d⁻¹	0.12
浮游动物死亡率/d⁻¹	0.025
浮游动物摄食浮游植物速率/d⁻¹	0.5
Redfield比值	16
浮游动物代谢产物无机营养盐的比重	0.75
浮游植物吸收DIN的半饱和系数/（mmol·m⁻³）	10
浮游植物吸收DIP的半饱和系数/（mmol·m⁻³）	0.16
生物碎屑沉降速率/（m·d⁻¹）	0.3
COD自身降解系数	0.03

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表 4 2018年和2008年条件下钦州湾水体中污染物平均浓度和超标海域面积

Tab. 4 Average concentration of pollutants and exceeding standard water quality area in Qinzhou Bay between 2008 and 2018

类别	COD		DIN		DIP
类别	2018	2008	2018	2008	2018	2008
平均浓度/（mg∙L⁻¹）	0.909	0.976	0.230	0.146	0.027	0.023
超一类水质面积/km²	112.10	123.61	218.65	198.66	360.79	385.70
超二类水质面积/km²	51.04	85.68	178.47	60.60	212.18	191.92
超三类水质面积/km²	28.76	37.93	125.28	18.11	212.18	191.92
超四类水质面积/km²	13.78	21.06	76.20	6.78	83.51	44.68

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表 5 2018年和2008年条件下钦州湾各类富营养化水体面积

Tab. 5 Areas of different eutrophication water body in the Qinzhou Bay of 2008 and 2018

年份	轻度/km²	中度/km²	重度/km²
2018	54.63 （25.85%）	56.06 （26.46%）	100.67 （47.69%）
2008	52.98 （29.30%）	59.15 （32.72%）	68.63 （37.98%）
注：括号中为占比。

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表 6 2018年钦州湾环境容量分配结果

Tab. 6 Results of environment capacity distribution in the Qinzhou Bay in the year of 2018

序号	排污口名称	COD现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	COD允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIN现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	DIN允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIP现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	DIP允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/（t∙a⁻¹）
1	钦州市犀牛角镇排污口	8.19	35.12	—	1.04	2.13	—	0.90	1.57	—
2	钦州港金桂纸业排污口	121.84	166.34	—	21.96	14.67	7.29	0.49	0.21	0.28
3	钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口	5.41	6.10	—	0.24	0.13	0.11	0.38	0.14	0.24
4	钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口	311.60	336.67	—	32.07	17.23	14.84	2.11	0.73	1.38
5	钦州市东排水口（茶山江）	4 405.80	626.14	3 779.66	532.02	42.88	489.14	179.50	11.57	167.93
6	钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口	2.86	1.90	0.96	0.24	0.08	0.16	0.06	0.02	0.04
7	钦州港东排水口	67.66	57.83	9.83	1.56	0.66	0.9	0.33	0.12	0.21
8	钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口	24.14	24.04	0.10	5.11	2.53	2.58	0.43	0.14	0.29
9	钦州港勒沟作业区排污口	1.60	1.51	0.09	0.59	0.27	0.32	0.01	0.01	—
10	茅岭江	7 919.30	1 596.86	6 322.44	2 194.20	235.37	1 958.83	217.40	13.34	204.06
11	钦江	8 937.70	1 270.25	7 667.45	1 589.30	128.11	1 461.19	117.17	7.56	109.61
合计		21 806.10	4 122.76	17 683.34	4 378.33	444.06	3 934.27	518.78	35.41	483.37
注：“—”代表不需要削减

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表 7 2008年钦州湾环境容量分配结果

Tab. 7 Results of environment capacity distribution in the Qinzhou Bay in the year of 2008

序号	排污口名称	COD现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	COD允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIN现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	DIN允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/ （t∙a⁻¹）	DIP现状排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	DIP允许排放量/（t∙a⁻¹）	削减量/ （t∙a⁻¹）
1	钦州港勒沟桥排污口	3 191.09	535.63	2 655.46	0.74	0.44	0.3	0.23	0.17	0.06
2	钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口	1 143.42	613.91	529.51	20.20	16.33	3.87	9.62	5.38	4.24
3	钦州港起步工业园东排水	546.88	402.66	144.22	7.34	5.74	1.6	7.51	4.02	3.49
4	钦州港起步工业园西排水	555.36	393.50	161.86	4.21	3.65	0.56	4.10	1.15	2.95
5	钦州燃煤电厂排水口	420.15	332.75	87.40	2.30	1.78	0.52	3.21	0.65	2.56
6	钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口	1 287.04	319.88	967.16	1.89	2.71	—	0.99	0.59	0.40
7	茅岭江	16 615.09	2 371.82	14 243.27	962.26	182.25	780.01	188.75	26.16	162.59
8	钦江	13 527.56	1 936.27	11 591.29	2 111.93	385.21	1 726.72	229.39	44.70	184.69
合计		37 286.59	6 906.42	30 380.17	3 111.11	598.11	2 513.00	444.03	82.82	361.21
注：“—”代表不需要削减

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表 8 双重人为压力造成的海湾水环境容量的价值损失

Tab. 8 Environmental capacity value loss of the bay under two anthropogenic pressures

污染物	处理费用C_i/ （万元∙t⁻¹）	平均浓度变化 ΔN_i/ （mg∙L⁻¹）	损失的纳潮量 ΔV/ （10⁸ m³）	D_i/ （万元∙a⁻¹）	D/ （万元∙a⁻¹）
COD	0.87	–0.67	0.95	–20 212.0	269 532.2
DIN	6.47	0.84		188 451.7
DIP	73.03	0.04		101 292.6

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